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"Kumar, Jitendra"
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Tribology and sustainability
\"This book brings a vision of promoting greener, cleaner, and eco-friendly environment highlighting sustainable solutions in tribology via development of self-lubricating materials, green additives in lubricants, natural fiber reinforced materials and biomimetic approaches. Backed by supporting schematic diagrams, data tables and illustrations for easy understanding, it focusses on the recent advancements in tribology and sustainability. Global sustainability and regional requirements are addressed through chapters on natural composites, green lubricants, biomedical and wind energy systems with a dedicated chapter on Global Sustainability Scenario. Features: Highlights sustainability via new tribological approaches and how such methods are essential. Covers theoretical aspects of various tribological topics concerning mechanical and material designs for energy-efficient systems. Includes practical global sustainability based on the regional requirement of tribological research and sustainable impact. Reviews tribology of green lubricants, green additives, and lightweight materials. Discusses topics related to biomimetics and bio-tribology. This book aims at researchers, professionals and graduate students in Tribology, Surface Engineering, Mechanical Design, Materials Engineering, including Mechanical, Aerospace, Chemical and Environmental Engineering\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Microbial Metabolites and Cardiovascular Dysfunction: A New Era of Diagnostics and Therapy
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant threat to human life and mortality worldwide, encompassing a variety of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. These diseases are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, which play a critical role in their development. Recent research has highlighted the importance of gut microbes—the diverse community of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract—that function as a “super organ” within the human body. These microbes have a remarkable impact on metabolic pathways and are increasingly recognized for their role in serious conditions like CVDs. They contribute to metabolic regulation, provide essential nutrients and vitamins, and help protect against diseases. Various internal and external factors influence the dynamic relationship between the human host and gut microbiota, thereby regulating overall metabolism. This review explores the complex connection between gut microbiota and microbial metabolites—such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)—and their potential influence on the development and progression of CVDs. We also examine the interaction between dietary interventions and gut microbes in the context of conditions including atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial infarction. Gaining a deeper understanding of the gut microbiota’s role in maintaining physiological balance creates exciting possibilities for identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for treating CVDs. This knowledge offers hope for early disease prediction, improved clinical management, and innovative treatments.
Journal Article
Sustainable lubrication
\"This book overviews recent advances in the development of lubricants and their usage in different tribological systems, starting from nanoscale contacts up to macroscale assemblies with specific focus on sustainable green lubrication choices including base fluids. Further, it covers advances and optimization of new type of lubrication systems according to their usage in various tribological systems as gears, bearings, micro-electromechanical systems, and production equipment. Furthermore, the few examples and case studies about utilization of synthetic lubricants in bearings, gears, dental and so forth has been included. Features: explores information on the present and future of sustainable lubricants due to its accelerated demands in industries, provides conceptual overview of lubricant application in manufacturing and automobile industries, discusses lubricants used in the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS), tribo-systems under extreme conditions and for biomedical applications, and reviews information about various types of additives and their role in lubricants, and their cost effectiveness. This text also includes case studies related to journal-bearing/gear drive systems. Finally, this shortform book is geared towards students and researchers in mechanical engineering, automobile engineering, chemical engineering and chemistry, manufacturing, mechanical, materials and metallurgy\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
An Overview of Some Biopesticides and Their Importance in Plant Protection for Commercial Acceptance
Biopesticides are natural, biologically occurring compounds that are used to control various agricultural pests infesting plants in forests, gardens, farmlands, etc. There are different types of biopesticides that have been developed from various sources. This paper underscores the utility of biocontrol agents composed of microorganisms including bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae, plant-based compounds, and recently applied RNAi-based technology. These techniques are described and suggestions are made for their application in modern agricultural practices for managing crop yield losses due to pest infestation. Biopesticides have several advantages over their chemical counterparts and are expected to occupy a large share of the market in the coming period.
Journal Article
Phytoremediation technologies and their mechanism for removal of heavy metal from contaminated soil: An approach for a sustainable environment
The contamination of soils with heavy metals and its associated hazardous effects are a thrust area of today’s research. Rapid industrialization, emissions from automobiles, agricultural inputs, improper disposal of waste, etc., are the major causes of soil contamination with heavy metals. These contaminants not only contaminate soil but also groundwater, reducing agricultural land and hence food quality. These contaminants enter the food chain and have a severe effect on human health. It is important to remove these contaminants from the soil. Various economic and ecological strategies are required to restore the soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that is non-invasive, cost-effective, and aesthetically pleasing. Many metal-binding proteins (MBPs) of the plants are significantly involved in the phytoremediation of heavy metals; the MBPs include metallothioneins; phytochelatins; metalloenzymes; metal-activated enzymes; and many metal storage proteins, carrier proteins, and channel proteins. Plants are genetically modified to enhance their phytoremediation capacity. In Arabidopsis , the expression of the mercuric ion-binding protein in Bacillus megaterium improves the metal accumulation capacity. The phytoremediation efficiency of plants is also enhanced when assisted with microorganisms, biochar, and/or chemicals. Removing heavy metals from agricultural land without challenging food security is almost impossible. As a result, crop selections with the ability to sequester heavy metals and provide food security are in high demand. This paper summarizes the role of plant proteins and plant–microbe interaction in remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals. Biotechnological approaches or genetic engineering can also be used to tackle the problem of heavy metal contamination.
Journal Article
Facile synthesis of ZnO/CuO/Ag2O ternary metal oxide nanocomposite for effective photodegradation of organic water pollutants
The current study is focused on fabrication of a ternary metal oxide nanocomposite (ZnO/CuO/Ag2O) as an efficient and superior photocatalyst by step-wise implanting of p-type CuO and Ag2O semiconductors onto an n-type semiconductor (ZnO) via a chemical method. The structural and textural characteristics of the manufactured samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with electron dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS) and UV–visible spectroscopy. The photocatalytic performance of the fabricated ternary nanocomposite was tested against the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (CV) and rhodamine B (RhB) organic dyes under solar light irradiation. The ternary nanocomposite demonstrated about 99.05% and 97.38% degradation efficiency toward CV and RhB dyes under solar light irradiation in a time period of 105 min. The calculated rate constants (k, min−1) for degradation under solar light over the ZnO/CuO/Ag2O nanocomposite were 4.26 and 3.61 times higher than the k value obtained over ZnO nanoparticles for CV and RhB dyes, respectively. The main reactive species taking part in the photodegradation processes were •OH and •O2− over ZnO/CuO/Ag2O photocatalysts under solar light illumination. Furthermore, the recycle experiments confirmed good reusability and photo-stability of the ZnO/CuO/Ag2O ternary nanocomposite.
Journal Article
Lignocellulosic agriculture wastes as biomass feedstocks for second-generation bioethanol production: concepts and recent developments
Production of liquid biofuels, such as bioethanol, has been advocated as a sustainable option to tackle the problems associated with rising crude oil prices, global warming and diminishing petroleum reserves. Second-generation bioethanol is produced from lignocellulosic feedstock by its saccharification, followed by microbial fermentation and product recovery. Agricultural residues generated as wastes during or after processing of agricultural crops are one of such renewable and lignocellulose-rich biomass resources available in huge amounts for bioethanol production. These agricultural residues are converted to bioethanol in several steps which are described here. This review enlightens various steps involved in production of the second-generation bioethanol. Mechanisms and recent advances in pretreatment, cellulases production and second-generation ethanol production processes are described here.
Journal Article
The understanding of the impact of efficiently optimized underlap length on analog/RF performance parameters of GNR-FETs
The aim of this study is to examine the analog/RF performance characteristics of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) field-effect transistors (FETs) using a novel technique called underlap engineering. The study employs self-consistent atomistic simulations and the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. Initially, the optimal underlap length for the GNR-FET by device has been determined evaluating the ON-current (
I
ON
) to OFF-current (
I
OFF
) ratio, which is a critical parameter for digital applications. Subsequently, the impact of underlap engineering on analog/RF performance metrics has been analyzed and conducting a comprehensive trade-off analysis considering parameters such as intrinsic-gain, transistor efficiency, and device cut-off frequency. The results demonstrate that the device incorporating the underlap mechanism exhibits superior performance in terms of the
I
ON
/I
OFF
ratio, transconductance generation factor (TGF), output resistance (
r
0
), intrinsic gain (
g
m
r
0
), gain frequency product (GFP), and gain transfer frequency product (GTFP). However, the device without the underlap effect demonstrates the highest transconductance (
g
m
) and cut-off frequency (
f
T
). Finally, a linearity analysis has been conducted to compare the optimized GNR-FET device with the conventional GNR-FET device without the underlap effect.
Journal Article
Role of Structural and Non-Structural Proteins and Therapeutic Targets of SARS-CoV-2 for COVID-19
Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, comprising single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome (+ ssRNA) of around 26 to 32 kilobases, and has been known to cause infection to a myriad of mammalian hosts, such as humans, cats, bats, civets, dogs, and camels with varied consequences in terms of death and debilitation. Strikingly, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and found to be the causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), shows 88% of sequence identity with bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, 79% with SARS-CoV and 50% with MERS-CoV, respectively. Despite key amino acid residual variability, there is an incredible structural similarity between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. During infection, spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV displays 10–20 times greater affinity for its cognate host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading proteolytic cleavage of S protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Following cellular entry, the ORF-1a and ORF-1ab, located downstream to 5′ end of + ssRNA genome, undergo translation, thereby forming two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. These polyproteins, following protease-induced cleavage and molecular assembly, form functional viral RNA polymerase, also referred to as replicase. Thereafter, uninterrupted orchestrated replication-transcription molecular events lead to the synthesis of multiple nested sets of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs), which are finally translated to several structural and accessory proteins participating in structure formation and various molecular functions of virus, respectively. These multiple structural proteins assemble and encapsulate genomic RNA (gRNA), resulting in numerous viral progenies, which eventually exit the host cell, and spread infection to rest of the body. In this review, we primarily focus on genomic organization, structural and non-structural protein components, and potential prospective molecular targets for development of therapeutic drugs, convalescent plasm therapy, and a myriad of potential vaccines to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Journal Article
Investigating strong gravitational lensing effects by supermassive black holes with Horndeski gravity
We study gravitational lensing in strong-field limit by a static spherically symmetric black hole in quartic scalar field Horndeski gravity having additional hair parameter q, evading the no-hair theorem. We find an increase in the deflection angle αD, photon sphere radius xps, and angular position θ∞ that increases more quickly while angular separation s more slowly, but the ratio of the flux of the first image to all other images rmag decreases rapidly with increasing magnitude of the hair q. We also discuss the astrophysical consequences in the supermassive black holes at the centre of several galaxies and note that the black holes in Horndeski gravity can be quantitatively distinguished from the Schwarzschild black hole. Notably, we find that the deviation Δθ∞ of black holes in Horndeski gravity from their general relativity (GR) counterpart, for supermassive black holes Sgr A* and M87*, for q=-0.2, respectively, can reach as much as 2.4227μas and 1.82026μas while Δs is about 0.04650μas for Sgr A* and 0.03493μas for M87*. The ratio of the flux of the first image to all other images suggest that the Schwarzschild images are brighter than those of the black holes in Horndeski gravity, wherein the deviation |Δrmag| is as much as 0.70673. The results suggest that observational tests of hairy black holes in Horndeski gravity are indeed feasible. Taking the supermassive black holes Sgr A* and M87* as the lens, we also compare our hairy Horndeski black holes observable signatures with those of the neutral Horndeski black holes, Galileon black holes and charged Horndeski black holes. It turns out that although it is possible to detect some effects of the strong deflection lensing by the hairy Horndeski black holes and other black holes with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations, but it is unconvincing to discern these black holes as deviations are O(μas). We also find that the shadow size is consistent with EHT observation if the deviation parameter q∈(-0.281979,0)
Journal Article