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The outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera and non-cholera (vibriosis) is continuously increasing in the environment due to fecal and sewage discharge in water sources. Cholera and vibriosis are caused by different species of Vibrio genus which are responsible for acute diarrheal disease and soft tissue damage. Although incidences of cholera and vibriosis have been reported from the Vaishali district of Bihar, India, clinical or environmental strains have not been characterized in this region. Out of fifty environmental water samples, twelve different biochemical test results confirmed the presence of twenty Vibrio isolates. The isolates were found to belong to five different Vibrio species, namely V. proteolyticus, V. campbellii, V. nereis, V. cincinnatiensis, and V. harveyi. From the identified isolates, 65% and 45% isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin and cephalexin, respectively. Additionally, two isolates were found to be resistant against six and four separately selected antibiotics. Furthermore, virulent hlyA and ompW genes were detected by PCR in two different isolates. Additionally, phage induction was also noticed in two different isolates which carry lysogenic phage in their genome. Overall, the results reported the identification of five different Vibrio species in environmental water samples. The isolates showed multiple antibacterial resistance, phage induction, and virulence gene profile in their genome.

Introduction Due to its ease of use, lack of ionizing radiation exposure, noninvasive nature, reproducibility, low cost, and ease of accessibility, ultrasound (US) is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating scrotal disease. High-resolution US and color Doppler better highlight scrotal and testicular diseases because of the scrotum's superficial anatomy. The genital organs are subjected to damaging ionizing radiation during CT, while MRI is both costly and uncommon. Aims and objectives The aim of this study is to use ultrasonography (USG) to examine various scrotal diseases and to diagnose and identify different disorders utilizing high-resolution US and color Doppler. Materials and methods The study was done on 60 patients who were referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis by the General Surgery and Urology departments for the scrotal US and Doppler study. This study was conducted between October 2021 and March 2022 at the Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India. Results Out of 60 patients, hydrocele was seen in 25 cases, scrotal hernia in 12 cases, undescended testis in eight cases, varicocele and epididymal cysts in seven cases, etc. In acutely painful scrotal disorders, high-frequency US with color Doppler sonography successfully distinguishes between testicular ischemia/torsion and acute inflammatory illnesses. Eighteen cases of inflammatory scrotal pathologies and one case of testicular torsion were seen.  Conclusion In detecting and assessing scrotal diseases, high-frequency USG and color Doppler sonography have good sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the lack of ionizing radiation, simplicity, wide availability, cost-efficiency, and reproducibility make it a highly important method for scrotal diseases.

This study explores the variations in Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and its substantial influence on India’s economic and ecological landscape. The research particularly focuses on the relationship between ISMR and several distant monsoon indices, including the “Indian Summer Monsoon Index (ISMI), East Asian Summer Monsoon Index (EASMI), South Asian Summer Monsoon Index (SASMI), and Western–North Pacific Monsoon Index (WNPMI).” Spanning from 1948 to 2017, the study uses high‐resolution gridded precipitation data to analyze correlations, coherence patterns, and teleconnections between ISMR and these indices. To capture the statistical characteristics of the monsoon, methodologies such as Spearman’s rank correlation, the Mann–Kendall trend test, Sen’s slope estimator, and wavelet transform coherence (WTC) analysis were applied. Results indicate that SASMI ( ρ = 0.539) stands out as a robust alternative long‐distance indicator, exhibiting stronger correlation with ISMR after ISMI ( ρ = 0.709). Notably, the Himalayan (Him) and North‐Eastern (NE) regions demonstrated heightened sensitivity to SASMI’s influence. The study further reveals a significant decline in monsoonal precipitation across India, with an average reduction of 0.652 mm/year. Drying trends are particularly pronounced in regions such as the Him (−0.976 mm/year; −0.131%/year), NE (−1.281 mm/year; −0.113%/year), West‐Central (WC; −0.772 mm/year; −0.074%/year), and Peninsular (Pen; −0.317 mm/year; −0.043%/year) areas. Conversely, a modest wetting trend (0.187 mm/year) is observed in the North‐Western (NW) region. Regional variations in rainfall patterns persist, with increased precipitation evident in the Western Ghats, WC, NE, and Eastern India, while other parts experience reduced rainfall. An essential finding of the study is the previously underestimated influence of SASMI on ISMR. Between 1971 and 2006, weak coherence patterns suggest a diminishing association between ISMR and ISMI, potentially attributed to climatic fluctuations and the overarching effects of climate change.

Acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1) belongs to a family of DNA-binding proteins highly conserved through evolution. AML1 regulates the expression of several hematopoietic genes and is essential for murine fetal liver hematopoiesis. We report here that the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1, a mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster SU(VAR) 3-9, forms complex with AML1. SUV39H1 methylates lysine 9 of the histone protein H3 leading to the formation of the high-affinity binding site on chromatin for proteins of the heterochromatin protein 1 family (HP1). The interaction of AML1 with SUV39H1 requires the N-terminus of AML1 where the Runt domain is located. Binding of AML1 to SUV39H1 abrogates the transactivating and DNA-binding properties of AML1 and dissociates the net-like nuclear structure of AML1. It has been reported that AML1 is capable of interaction with histone acetyl transferases (CBP, p300, and MOZ) and with component of the histone deacetylase complex (Sin3), and that the interaction with these coregulators affects the strength of AML1 in promoter regulation. Our data suggest that other enzymes are also involved in gene regulation by AML1 activity by modulating the affinity of AML1 for DNA.

The study focuses on the estimation of a technique, a method for developing a phenomenon, to obtain a quantile with minimal or low error (AR and R-RMSE bias). To arrive at such a solution, a case study of the Mahanadi River system (Mahanadi Basin) was conducted along with the integration of various techniques available in past and present literature, to come up with a novel solution. Which could answer practical questions in water resource planning and management for addressing a wide range of problems such as meteorological draught analysis, agricultural planning, precipitation forecasting and downscaling, design of water control and conveyance structures, and land-use planning and management. A gridded rainfall data set of resolution 0.25° x 0.25° (1901 – 2017) obtained from IMD Pune is used to calculate the statistics that will be used for the regionalization of precipitation. Other attributes or variables used for regionalization are seasonality measurements and location parameters (latitude, longitude, and elevation). The L-moment statistics are computed from the time series rainfall data and the ratios of the L-coefficient of variance and the L-coefficient of skewness, i.e., the L-moment ratio, are the main components in computing quantile estimates of selected regions for effective regional frequency analysis. To determine potential scenarios for homogeneous regions, the use of seasonal extreme precipitation will serve as a basis for regionalization.

The outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera and non-cholera (vibriosis) is continuously increasing in the environment due to fecal and sewage discharge in water sources. Cholera and vibriosis are caused by different species of Vibrio genus which are responsible for acute diarrheal disease and soft tissue damage. Although incidences of cholera and vibriosis have been reported from the Vaishali district of Bihar, India, clinical or environmental strains have not been characterized in this region. Out of fifty environmental water samples, twelve different biochemical test results confirmed the presence of twenty Vibrio isolates. The isolates were found to belong to five different Vibrio species, namely V. proteolyticus, V. campbellii, V. nereis, V. cincinnatiensis, and V. harveyi. From the identified isolates, 65% and 45% isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin and cephalexin, respectively. Additionally, two isolates were found to be resistant against six and four separately selected antibiotics. Furthermore, virulent hlyA and ompW genes were detected by PCR in two different isolates. Additionally, phage induction was also noticed in two different isolates which carry lysogenic phage in their genome. Overall, the results reported the identification of five different Vibrio species in environmental water samples. The isolates showed multiple antibacterial resistance, phage induction, and virulence gene profile in their genome.

Tumour illness and its resistance against existing anticancer therapies pose a serious health concern globally despite the progressive advancement of therapeutic options. The prevailing treatment of HCC using numerous antitumor agents has inflated long-lived complete remissions, but a percentage of individuals still die due to disease recurrence, indicating a need for further exploration of possible anti-tumour regimes. We aim to boost the effectiveness of the HCC treatment by conducting current investigations evaluating the effect of arsenic trioxide (ATO) with different herbal compounds like quercetin and aloe-emodin against liver tumour via inhibition of telomerase, a pro-cancer enzyme. The anticancer activity of ATO with herbal compounds was investigated in human control liver cell line (Wrl-68) and cancer liver cell line (HepG2) at different time intervals. Viability and cytotoxicity in response to combinatorial drugs were assessed in vitro by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and MTT and WST assay. Apoptosis was analysed by annexin V/PI assay, and the expression of telomerase and apoptosis-regulating proteins was evaluated by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. Arsenic trioxide in combination with quercetin and aloe-emodin reduced cell viability in cancerous cells compared to normal cells by inducing apoptosis, downregulating telomerase and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) and upregulating the expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic protein). ATO exhibited significant anticancer effects due to the synergistic effects of quercetin and aloe-emodin in liver tumour cells. The current study data collectively suggest that a successful inhibition of cancer growth by the combination of ATO and tested herbal medicines against liver tumour growth is via the inhibition of telomerase activity. Graphical Abstract

•LdFBPase protein level was higher in amastigote than promastigote form of L. donovani.•Δfbpase L. donovani were unable to proliferate in mice macrophage.•Δfbpase immunised mice re-establish cellular response against WT L. donovani infection.•IFN-γ/IL-10 cytokine ratio was elevated in Δfbpase immunised infected mice.•NO production was elevated than the basal level in Δfbpase immunised infected mice. Currently, there is no approved vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by L. donovani. The ability to manipulate Leishmania genome by eliminating or introducing genes necessary for parasites’ survival considered as the powerful strategy to generate the live attenuated vaccine. In the present study fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (LdFBPase) gene deleted L. donovani (Δfbpase) was generated using homologous gene replacement strategy. Though LdFBPase gene deletion (Δfbpase) does not affect the growth of parasite in the promastigote form but axenic amastigotes display a marked reduction in their capacity to multiply in vitro inside macrophages and in vivo in Balb/c mice. Though Δfbpase L. donovani parasite persisted in BALB/c mice up to 12 weeks but was unable to cause infection, we tested its ability to protect against a virulent L. donovani challenge. Notably, intraperitoneal immunisation with live Δfbpase parasites displayed the reduction of parasites load in mice spleen and liver post challenge. Moreover, immunised BALB/c mice showed a reversal of T cell anergy and high levels of NO production that result in the killing of the parasite. A significant, correlation was found between parasite clearance and elevated IFNγ, IL12, and IFNγ/IL10 ratio compared to IL10 and TGFβ in immunised and challenged mice. Results suggested the generation of protective Th1 type immune response which induced significant parasite clearance at 12-week, as well as 16 weeks post, challenged immunised mice, signifying sustained immunity. Therefore, we propose that Δfbpase L. donovani parasites can be a live attenuated vaccine candidate for VL and a good model to understand the correlatives of protection in visceral leishmaniasis.

β-1,3-Glucan (curdlan) is a water-insoluble polysaccharide composed exclusively of β-1,3 linked glucose residues. Extracellular curdlan was mostly synthesized by Agrobacterium species and Alcaligenes faecalis under nitrogen-limiting conditions. In this study, we screened the microorganisms capable of producing extracellular curdlan from soil samples. For the first time, we reported Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus sp. SNC 107 capable of producing extracellular curdlan in appreciable amounts.

Tinea corporis is one of the most commonly fungal known illness resembling several different annular lesions. The usual presentation of tinea corporis is a well-defined, precisely outlined, circular or oval, scaly plaque or patch with slightly erythematous, with an elevated leading edge. Commonly, pruritus is mild. Although the prognosis is frequently clinical, it may be challenging if you've taken corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors in the past. A practical and noninvasive diagnostic method is dermoscopy. If required, microscopic analysis of KOH mounted wet preparations of scraped skin from the lesion's active border can be used to confirm the diagnosis. The most reliable method for diagnosing dermatophytosis is fungus culture, particularly when other test findings are unclear, the illness is severe, extensive, or resistant to therapy. Medical professionals need to get knowledgeable about this illness and how to treat it. The purpose of this paper was to present a narrative, up-to-date overview of tinea corporis examination, diagnosis, and therapy.