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"Kumar, Krishan"
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Radiolabeled Compounds for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are in vivo molecular imaging modalities which are widely used in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis and follow-up of many major diseases after treatment [4,5]. High CCK2R affinity and cell uptake were confirmed only for the intact peptide, whereas enzymatic cleavage within the receptor-specific C-terminal amino acid sequence resulted in a complete loss of affinity and cell uptake. The first review by Kumar and Ghosh provides a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, production processes of 124I, various 124I-labeling methodologies for molecules and biomolecules, peptides, proteins, protein fragments, and mAbs, and the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for various cancer targets in preclinical and clinical environments. [...]I would like to thank the authors for their contributions to this Special Issue, the reviewers for their critical review in evaluating the submitted articles, and the editorial staff of Molecules, especially the Assistant Editor of the journal, Emity Wang, for her kind assistance during the preparation and release of this Special Issue.
Journal Article
Advances in hydrology and climate change : historical trends and new approaches in water resources management
\"Advances in Hydrology and Climate Change: Historical Trends and New Approaches in Water Resources Management highlights recent trends in the water sector that employ a variety of different innovative management and conservation approaches. The volume provides an informative overview of the issues and challenges in water resources affected by climate change conditions, such as drought, flooding, glacier changes, and overbuilt-up urban areas. Focusing on surface and groundwater related issues and sustainable solutions, the chapters present a variety of methods, including morphometric assessment, parameter estimation, long-term trend analysis, sustainability indexes, storm water management models (SWMM), entropy-based measurement of long-term precipitation, etc. The volume focuses on providing a better understanding of climatic uncertainty through hydrometeorological data sets and their application in hydrological modeling. These analyses help to serve as the basis for the design of flood-control and water-usage management policies. The chapters discuss climatic variability that depends on several factors, i.e., its erratic distribution, topography, seasonal variation, land-use change, anthropogenic activities, etc., demonstrating the overall interconnection between different parameters of hydrological cycles to design modeling approaches that include using soft-computing applications, remote sensing and GIS-based techniques, artificial neural networks, and more. This book will be a standard reference work for disciplines in water resources, soil and water engineering, engineering hydrology, groundwater hydrology, climate change, agrometeorology, agriculture, lohani, anil ecology and environmental science, leading to a way forward for strategy formulation for combating hydrology and climate change\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Radiochemistry, Production Processes, Labeling Methods, and ImmunoPET Imaging Pharmaceuticals of Iodine-124
Target-specific biomolecules, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, and protein fragments are known to have high specificity and affinity for receptors associated with tumors and other pathological conditions. However, the large biomolecules have relatively intermediate to long circulation half-lives (>day) and tumor localization times. Combining superior target specificity of mAbs and high sensitivity and resolution of the PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging technique has created a paradigm-shifting imaging modality, ImmunoPET. In addition to metallic PET radionuclides, 124I is an attractive radionuclide for radiolabeling of mAbs as potential immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals due to its physical properties (decay characteristics and half-life), easy and routine production by cyclotrons, and well-established methodologies for radioiodination. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review of the physical properties of iodine and iodine radionuclides, production processes of 124I, various 124I-labeling methodologies for large biomolecules, mAbs, and the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for various cancer targets in preclinical and clinical environments. A summary of several production processes, including 123Te(d,n)124I, 124Te(d,2n)124I, 121Sb(α,n)124I, 123Sb(α,3n)124I, 123Sb(3He,2n)124I, natSb(α, xn)124I, natSb(3He,n)124I reactions, a detailed overview of the 124Te(p,n)124I reaction (including target selection, preparation, processing, and recovery of 124I), and a fully automated process that can be scaled up for GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) production of large quantities of 124I is provided. Direct, using inorganic and organic oxidizing agents and enzyme catalysis, and indirect, using prosthetic groups, 124I-labeling techniques have been discussed. Significant research has been conducted, in more than the last two decades, in the development of 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals for target-specific cancer detection. Details of preclinical and clinical evaluations of the potential 124I-labeled immunoPET imaging pharmaceuticals are described here.
Journal Article
Security and resilience of cyber physical systems
\"In this era of 5G digital communication, the implementation of industry 4.0 is the need of the hour. The main aim of this industrial revolution is to completely automate the industry for better productivity, correct decision making and increased efficiency. All the concepts of industry 4.0 can only be implemented with the help of Cyber Physical System aka CPS. This is a smart system in which complete mechanism is monitored and controlled by computer-based algorithms. Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability are the three major concern for providing the add on security to any organization or a system. It has become a biggest challenge among the security professionals to secure these cyber physical systems. Hackers and bad guys are planning various kinds of attacks on daily basis on these systems. This book addresses the various security and privacy issues involved in the cyber physical system. There is need to explore the interdisciplinary analysis to ensure the resilience of these systems including different types of cyber threats to these systems. The book highlights the importance of security in preventing, detecting, characterizing and mitigating different types of cyber threats on CPS. The book offers a simple to understand various organized chapters related to the CPS and their security for graduate students, faculty, research scholars and industry professionals\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Genetically modified crops: current status and future prospects
Main conclusion
While transgenic technology has heralded a new era in crop improvement, several concerns have precluded their widespread acceptance. Alternative technologies, such as cisgenesis and genome-editing may address many of such issues and facilitate the development of genetically engineered crop varieties with multiple favourable traits.
Genetic engineering and plant transformation have played a pivotal role in crop improvement via introducing beneficial foreign gene(s) or silencing the expression of endogenous gene(s) in crop plants. Genetically modified crops possess one or more useful traits, such as, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional improvement. To date, nearly 525 different transgenic events in 32 crops have been approved for cultivation in different parts of the world. The adoption of transgenic technology has been shown to increase crop yields, reduce pesticide and insecticide use, reduce CO
2
emissions, and decrease the cost of crop production. However, widespread adoption of transgenic crops carrying foreign genes faces roadblocks due to concerns of potential toxicity and allergenicity to human beings, potential environmental risks, such as chances of gene flow, adverse effects on non-target organisms, evolution of resistance in weeds and insects etc. These concerns have prompted the adoption of alternative technologies like cisgenesis, intragenesis, and most recently, genome editing. Some of these alternative technologies can be utilized to develop crop plants that are free from any foreign gene hence, it is expected that such crops might achieve higher consumer acceptance as compared to the transgenic crops and would get faster regulatory approvals. In this review, we present a comprehensive update on the current status of the genetically modified (GM) crops under cultivation. We also discuss the issues affecting widespread adoption of transgenic GM crops and comment upon the recent tools and techniques developed to address some of these concerns.
Journal Article
A Novel Reagent for Radioiodine Labeling of New Chemical Entities (NCEs) and Biomolecules
Radioiodine labeling of peptides and proteins is routinely performed by using various oxidizing agents such as Chloramine T, Iodobeads, and Iodogen reagent and radioactive iodide (I−), although some other oxidizing agents were also investigated. The main objective of the present study was to develop and test a novel reagent, inorganic monochloramine (NH2Cl), for radioiodine labeling of new chemical entities and biomolecules which is cost-effective, easy to make and handle, and is selective to label amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The data presented in this report demonstrate that the yields of the non-radioactive iodine labeling reactions using monochloramine are >70% for an amino acid (tyrosine) and a cyclic peptide (cyclo Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Tyr-Lys, cRGDyK). No evidence of the formation of N-chloro derivatives in cRGDyK was observed, suggesting that the reagent is selective in iodinating the tyrosine residue in the biomolecules. The method was successfully translated into radioiodine labeling of amino acid, a peptide, and a protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA).
Journal Article
EZH2-H3K27me3 mediated KRT14 upregulation promotes TNBC peritoneal metastasis
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis and adverse clinical outcomes among all breast cancer subtypes as there is no available targeted therapy. Overexpression of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been shown to correlate with TNBC’s poor prognosis, but the contribution of EZH2 catalytic (H3K27me3) versus non-catalytic EZH2 (NC-EZH2) function in TNBC progression remains elusive. We reveal that selective hyper-activation of functional EZH2 (H3K27me3) over NC-EZH2 alters TNBC metastatic landscape and fosters its peritoneal metastasis, particularly splenic. Instead of H3K27me3-mediated repression of gene expression; here, it promotes
KRT14
transcription by attenuating binding of repressor SP1 to its promoter. Further, KRT14 loss significantly reduces TNBC migration, invasion, and peritoneal metastasis. Consistently, human TNBC metastasis displays positive correlation between H3K27me3 and KRT14 levels. Finally, EZH2 knockdown or H3K27me3 inhibition by EPZ6438 reduces TNBC peritoneal metastasis. Altogether, our preclinical findings suggest a rationale for targeting TNBC with EZH2 inhibitors.
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been associated with poor prognosis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, the authors suggest a potential role for trimethylation function of EZH2 in driving peritoneal metastasis in TNBC.
Journal Article
Food waste: a potential bioresource for extraction of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds
Food waste, a by-product of various industrial, agricultural, household and other food sector activities, is rising continuously due to increase in such activities. Various studies have indicated that different kind of food wastes obtained from fruits, vegetables, cereal and other food processing industries can be used as potential source of bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals which has significant application in treating various ailments. Different secondary metabolites, minerals and vitamins have been extracted from food waste, using various extraction approaches. In the next few years these approaches could provide an innovative approach to increase the production of specific compounds for use as nutraceuticals or as ingredients in the design of functional foods. In this review a comprehensive study of various techniques for extraction of bioactive components citing successful research work have been discussed. Further, their efficient utilization in development of nutraceutical products, health benefits, bioprocess development and value addition of food waste resources has also been discussed.
Journal Article
Response surface optimization for cellulase production from Enterococcus faecium and Stutzerimonas stutzeri isolated from Gossypium arboretum and Solanum melongena soil
The rapid utilization of fossil fuel-based energy sources increased demand for alternate sustainable energy sources. One of the best alternate energy sources can be lignocellulosic biomass. The major constituent of lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose that can be converted into simple sugar using cellulase enzymes followed by fermentation for ethanol production. Two potential mesophilic cellulolytic bacteria, BS5 and CS7, from brinjal and cotton soil samples were screened based on high zones of hydrolysis on CMC agar plates and identified as
Enterococcus faecium
and
Stutzerimonas stutzeri
, respectively. It is the first instance of a mesophilic cellulase being reported from an
S. stutzeri
. CMCase production was enhanced by methods like one factor at a time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for maximum CMCase production by isolate BS5 were pH 5.0, 41℃, 1.25% inocula volume, and 56 h of incubation, whereas isolate CS7 produced maximum CMCase at pH 7.0, 43℃, 2.0% inocula volume, and 42 h of incubation. Following optimization through RSM-CCD, CMCase productivity of isolate BS5 increased 2.43 times, reaching 20.4 U/mL compared to 8.22 U/mL under unoptimized conditions, while CMCase productivity of isolate CS7 increased 2.18 times, reaching 24.08 U/mL compared to initial unoptimized activity of 11.05 U/mL. The crude enzyme produced by both isolates demonstrated effective potential in biopolishing cotton fabrics. Cotton fabrics treated with crude enzymes from BS5 and CS7 isolates lost 2.20% and 2.06% of their weight, respectively, showing that the enzymes removed tiny fibers from the surface of the cotton, making it smoother. Crude enzyme of both isolates showed optimum activity at mesophilic temperature, which makes them suitable for industrial applications like bioethanol production using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, biopolishing and biostoning in the textile industry, and deinking in the paper and pulp industry.
Journal Article