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"Kumar, Prashant"
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IoT in healthcare systems : applications, benefits, challenges and case studies
\"Implementing new information technologies into the healthcare sector can provide alternatives to managing patients' health records, systems, and improving the quality of care received. This book provides an overview of IoT technologies related to the healthcare field and covers the main advantages and disadvantages along with industry case studies\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Transfer Learning for Induction Motor Health Monitoring: A Brief Review
With advancements in computational resources, artificial intelligence has gained significant attention in motor health monitoring. These sophisticated deep learning algorithms have been widely used for induction motor health monitoring due to their autonomous feature extraction abilities and end-to-end learning capabilities. However, in real-world scenarios, challenges such as limited labeled data and diverse operating conditions have led to the application of transfer learning for motor health monitoring. Transfer learning utilizes pretrained models to address new tasks with limited labeled data. Recent advancements in this domain have significantly improved fault diagnosis, condition monitoring, and the predictive maintenance of induction motors. This study reviews state-of-the-art transfer learning techniques, including domain adaptation, fine-tuning, and feature-based transfer for induction motor health monitoring. The key methodologies are analyzed, highlighting their contributions to improving fault detection, diagnosis, and prognosis in industrial applications. Additionally, emerging trends and future research directions are discussed to guide further advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
Journal Article
Groundwater vulnerability assessment and mapping using DRASTIC model
This book shows the effectiveness of DRASTIC model in a geographical setting for validation of vulnerable zones and presents the optimization of parameters for the development of precise maps highlighting several zones with varied contamination. Impact of vadose zone has also been assessed by considering every sub-surface layer.
Book
Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: a practical review for appropriate plant species selection
Vegetation can form a barrier between traffic emissions and adjacent areas, but the optimal configuration and plant composition of such green infrastructure (GI) are currently unclear. We examined the literature on aspects of GI that influence ambient air quality, with a particular focus on vegetation barriers in open-road environments. Findings were critically evaluated in order to identify principles for effective barrier design, and recommendations regarding plant selection were established with reference to relevant spatial scales. As an initial investigation into viable species for UK urban GI, we compiled data on 12 influential traits for 61 tree species, and created a supplementary plant selection framework. We found that if the scale of the intervention, the context and conditions of the site and the target air pollutant type are appreciated, the selection of plants that exhibit certain biophysical traits can enhance air pollution mitigation. For super-micrometre particles, advantageous leaf micromorphological traits include the presence of trichomes and ridges or grooves. Stomatal characteristics are more significant for sub-micrometre particle and gaseous pollutant uptake, although we found a comparative dearth of studies into such pollutants. Generally advantageous macromorphological traits include small leaf size and high leaf complexity, but optimal vegetation height, form and density depend on planting configuration with respect to the immediate physical environment. Biogenic volatile organic compound and pollen emissions can be minimised by appropriate species selection, although their significance varies with scale and context. While this review assembled evidence-based recommendations for practitioners, several important areas for future research were identified.
Journal Article
Hybrid Multi-Scale CNN and Transformer Model for Motor Fault Detection
Electric motors are the workhorse of industries owing to their precise speed and torque control technologies. Despite their ruggedness, faults are inevitable due to wear and tear, their prolonged usage and multiple factors. Bearing faults are among the most frequently occurring faults in electric motors. Detecting faults at an early stage is crucial for avoiding complete shutdown. Deep learning has gained significant attention in the fault detection domain owing to its inherent advantages. This paper proposes a hybrid multi-scale convolutional neural network and Transformer model for bearing fault detection. The model combines the strengths of multi-scale convolutional front-ends for fine-grained feature extraction with Transformer encoder blocks for capturing long-range temporal dependencies. This approach combines the advantages of both models for effective bearing fault detection. The proposed method was tested on a bearing dataset to show its performance and efficacy. This method achieved high-performance accuracy in bearing fault detection.
Journal Article
Particulate matter exposure from different heating stoves and fuels in UK homes
Traditional wood stoves emit high levels of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM
2.5
), prompting the development of improved models to reduce emissions. However, these stoves may unintentionally increase ultrafine particle ≤ 100 nm (UFP) emissions, which can penetrate biological barriers and pose health risks. This study evaluates the impacts of four solid fuel types on indoor air quality (IAQ) in five non-smoking households in Guildford, United Kingdom, using different wood stoves (eco-design, multifuel eco-design, clear skies stage (v), and open fireplace) during winter. Indoor UFP, PM
10
, PM
2.5
, black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO) levels were measured using handheld monitors in living areas. Fuel type, room volume, stove type, and burning duration significantly influenced IAQ, exacerbated by inadequate ventilation. Open fireplaces had the highest exposure levels, followed by multifuel eco-design, eco-design, and clear skies stage (v) stoves. During burning periods, median (interquartile range) indoor pollutant concentrations were UFP: 3.6 (5.8) ×10⁴ # cm⁻³, PM
2.5
: 38.4 (65.5) µg m⁻³, PM
10
: 89.6 (89.0) µg m⁻³, and BC: 1.7 (3.6) µg m⁻³ for open fireplaces. Among improved stoves, multifuel eco-design had the highest exposure; UFP: 2.2 (4.9) ×10⁴ # cm⁻³, PM
2.5
: 14.2 (16.9) µg m⁻³, PM
10
: 37.9 (45.9) µg m⁻³, and BC: 1.5 (2.3) µg m⁻³ followed by eco-design, and clear skies stage (v) stoves. Wood briquettes produced the highest pollutant levels, followed by smokeless coal, kiln-dried wood, and seasoned wood. Burning manufactured fuels (wood briquettes) increased PM
2.5
and UFP by 4- and 1.5-times, respectively, compared to seasoned wood. The mean CO concentration for open fireplaces was 3.1 ppm, below the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) 24-hour exposure limit guideline (3.49 ppm). Smaller rooms (< 40 m³) with longer burning durations increased exposure by 2- and 3-times compared to larger rooms (> 50 m³). Low air changes per hour (ACH) (< 1.2 h⁻¹) contributed to pollutant accumulation. Our findings indicate that residential wood burning significantly increases short-term exposure to UFPs, PM
2.5
, BC, and CO, posing potential health risks. These results underscore the need for health-focused strategies when considering wood burning for domestic heating.
Journal Article
Household air pollution and health: rethinking indoor exposure in the places we call home
Household air pollution has long been overlooked in environmental health policy, yet the evidence now makes clear that our homes, particularly in low and middle-income countries, are often the most significant sites of exposure to airborne pollutants. This “Household Air Pollution” collection brings together six recent studies that investigate emissions from common household activities, characterize pollutant concentrations in domestic environments, and assess associated health risks. This multidisciplinary research – spanning environmental engineering, aerosol science, epidemiology, and public health – demonstrates that improving household air quality is both necessary and feasible. Together, they highlight the urgent need for integrated strategies, policies and standards that prioritize indoor environments as a key determinant of health and developing health-centered design, source control, and public awareness to improve indoor air quality where it matters most: in our homes. We are grateful to the authors for their insightful contributions, the reviewers for their expertise, and the Scientific Reports editorial team for their support. We hope this Collection serves as a valuable resource and a call to action for scientists, public health officials, architects, and policymakers alike.
Journal Article
Trends in Child Immunization across Geographical Regions in India: Focus on Urban-Rural and Gender Differentials
Although child immunization is regarded as a highly cost-effective lifesaver, about fifty percent of the eligible children aged 12-23 months in India are without essential immunization coverage. Despite several programmatic initiatives, urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization pose an intimidating challenge to India's public health agenda. This study assesses the urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization coverage during 1992-2006 across six major geographical regions in India.
Three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06 were analyzed. Bivariate analyses, urban-rural and gender inequality ratios, and the multivariate-pooled logistic regression model were applied to examine the trends and patterns of inequalities over time.
The analysis of change over one and half decades (1992-2006) shows considerable variations in child immunization coverage across six geographical regions in India. Despite a decline in urban-rural and gender differences over time, children residing in rural areas and girls remained disadvantaged. Moreover, northeast, west and south regions, which had the lowest gender inequality in 1992 observed an increase in gender difference over time. Similarly, urban-rural inequality increased in the west region during 1992-2006.
This study suggests periodic evaluation of the health care system is vital to assess the between and within group difference beyond average improvement. It is essential to integrate strong immunization systems with broad health systems and coordinate with other primary health care delivery programs to augment immunization coverage.
Journal Article
Multicolor iLIFE (m-iLIFE) volume cytometry for high-throughput imaging of multiple organelles
To be able to resolve multiple organelles at high throughput is an incredible achievement. This will have immediate implications in a range of fields ranging from fundamental cell biology to translational medicine. To realize such a high-throughput multicolor interrogation modality, we have developed a light-sheet based flow imaging system that is capable of visualizing multiple sub-cellular components with organelle-level resolution. This is possible due to the unique optical design that combines an illumination system comprising two collinear light sheets illuminating the flowing cells and a dedicated dual-color 4
f
-detection, enabling simultaneous recording of multiple organelles. The system PSF sections up to 4 parallel microfluidic channels through which cells are flowing, and multicolor images of cell cross-sections are recorded. The data is then computationally processed (filtered using ML algorithm, shift-corrected, and merged) and combined to reconstruct the 3D multicolor volume. System testing is conducted using multicolor fluorescent nano-beads (size
∼
175
nm) and flow-based imaging parameters (PSF size, motion-blur, flow rate, frame rate, and number of cell-sections) are determined for quality imaging. Drug treatment studies were carried out for healthy and cancerous HeLa cells to check the performance of the proposed system. The cells were treated with a drug (Vincristine, which is known to promote mitochondrial fission in cells), and the same is compared with untreated control cells. The proposed multicolor iLIFE system could screen
∼
800
cells/min (at a flow speed of
2490
μ
m/s), and the drug treatment studies were carried out up to 24 h. Studies showed the disintegration of mitochondrial network and dysfunctional lysosomes and their accumulation at the cell membrane, which is a clear indication of cell apoptosis. Compared to control cells (untreated), the mortality is highest at a concentration of 500
nM
post 12 h of drug treatment. With the capability of multiorganelle interrogation and organelle-level resolution, the multicolor iLIFE cytometry system is suitably placed to assist optical imaging and biomedical research.
Journal Article
Status and chemical characteristics of ambient PM2.5 pollutions in China: a review
The ambient fine particulate matter is a considerable hazard to human health and the surrounding environment of the majority of Chinese cities. This article reviews the status of air pollution, especially PM2.5, in 21 cities of China, on the basis of their status, chemical characteristics, and regulations data collected from the published literature. The observed results show Zhengzhou, Yulin, Jinan, Qingdao, and Changchun as significantly polluted cities where the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 was noted to be greater than 120 µg m−3. However, some cities such as Xiamen, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Jinchang reported average annual PM2.5 concentrations less than 40 µg m−3. In general, the results of spatial distribution reported that the cities of the east, north, and northeast China are highly polluted. According to the average mass of PM2.5 in maximum cities of China, the sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) and organic matter (OM) contributed over 40 and 35%, respectively. The higher amount of SNA and OM in PM2.5 results from heavy traffic or vehicle emission and burning solid fuel utilized in most part of China. A proposed systemic approach to address the PM2.5 in China can improve the quality of ambient atmosphere.
Journal Article