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This paper presents a validated computational workflow for simulating the fire-induced collapse of steel moment-resisting frames, comparing static general and dynamic explicit analysis procedures. Whereas most existing studies employ dynamic explicit analysis for collapse validation, this work evaluates the capability of the static general approach as a viable alternative. Finite element models developed with beam and shell elements capture both global instability and local failure modes. The results show that the static general procedure effectively reproduces quasi-static post-buckling behaviour and predicts the critical failure temperature within 2–3% of experimental results, similar to the dynamic explicit method. For the dynamic explicit procedure, sensitivity analyses are conducted to optimise time scaling, mesh refining, and ensure realistic physical response while maintaining computational efficiency. The study demonstrates that, along with dynamic explicit analysis, static general procedure also offers a practical and reliable alternative for simulating fire-induced structural collapse, reducing computational time by up to eighteen times for beam models and around six times for shell models, while maintaining reliable accuracy.

Research for alternative binders has become a necessity due to cement’s embodied carbon, climate change, and depletion of natural resources. These binders could potentially reduce our reliance on cement as the sole binder for concrete while simultaneously enhancing the functional characteristics of concrete. Theoretically, the use of finer particles in the cement matrix densifies the pore structure of concrete and results in improved properties. To validate this hypothesis, current research was designed to investigate how the value-added benefits of nano-silica (NS) and metakaolin (MK) in fly ash (FA)-blended cement affect the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete when used as ternary and quaternary blends. Additionally, the cost–benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment were conducted. It was observed that the synergy of MK and NS used in FA-blended cement had a greater impact on enhancing the functional characteristics of concrete, while 10% MK as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replacement and 1% NS as an additive in FA-blended OPC concrete was the optimum combination which achieved 94-MPa compressive strength at the age of 91 days and showed more than 25% increment in the flexural and splitting tensile strengths compared to the control mix (MS00). The ultrasonic pulse velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity were significantly improved, while a significant reduction in chloride migration of 50% was observed. In terms of environmental impact, MS100 (30% FA and 10% MK) exhibited the least embodied CO 2 emissions of 319.89 kgCO 2 /m 3 , while the highest eco-strength efficiency of 0.268 MPa/kgCO 2 ·m −3 with respect to 28-day compressive strength was exhibited by MS101. In terms of cost–benefit, MS00 was determined the cheapest, while the addition of MK and NS increased the cost. The lowest cost of producing 1 MPa was exhibited by MS01 with a merely 0.04-$/MPa/m 3 reduction compared to MS00.

Aerated concrete (AAC) or lightweight concrete is primarily used for non-load bearing structures in construction work. Generally, it is produced with cement as a main binding ingredient, and the production of cement is blamed to contribute 7 to 8% of CO 2 emission in the environment. In addition, the dumping of industrial wastes is also a great environmental concern. This research is an attempt to produce low-cost and sustainable aerated concrete utilizing silica fume and fly ash as partial substitution to cement without compromising the fundamental properties of aerated concrete. The current study was divided into two phases: in the first phase, the silica fume was substituted up to 20% with a variation of 5% in each mix. In the second phase, the fly ash was replaced with cement in three variations, i.e., 10%, 20%, and 30% containing an optimum proportion of silica fume obtained in phase 1. The aluminum powder was added at 0.4% by weight of binder to introduce aeration in concrete. Before testing, samples of aerated concrete were cured with steam in an autoclaving machine for 9 h at a pressure and temperature of 1.5 bars and 127 °C respectively and oven-dried at a temperature of 105 °C for 24 h after steam curing. From the experimental results, the highest compressive and split tensile strength of AAC was recorded when 15% of the cement was replaced with silica fume and 30% of the cement was replaced with fly ash combined. At this proportion the least density was also recorded which showed the lightweight of AAC without compromising the strength characteristics. In addition, the reduction of 42.64% and 32.4% of embodied carbon and cost was observed respectively.

This paper discussed the effects of modified metakaolin (MK) with nano-silica (NS) on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. In the first phase, trial mixes of concrete were prepared for achieving the desired value of the 28 days compressive strength, and the charge passed in rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT). In the second phase, statistical analysis was performed on the experimental results using the response surface method (RSM). The RSM was applied for optimizing the mix proportions for the required performance by exploiting the relationship between the mix characteristics and the corresponding test results. A blend of 10% MK + 1% NS as part of cement replacement exhibited the highest mechanical properties and durability characteristics of concrete; concrete mix showed that the 28-days compressive strength (CS) was 103 MPa, which was 15% greater than the CS of the control mix without MK or NS. The same mix showed more than 40% higher flexural and split-tensile strength than the control mix; also it resulted in a reduction of 73% in the rapid chloride permeability value. ANOVA technique was used for optimizing the nano-silica and metakaolin content for achieving maximum compressive strength and minimum RCPT value. Statistical analysis using ANOVA technique showed that the maximum compressive strength and lowest RCPT value could be achieved with a blend of 10% MK and 1.55% NS.

The production of cement releases an enormous amount of CO 2 into the environment. Besides, industrial wastes like silica fume and fly ash need effective utilization to reduce their impacts on the environment. This research aims to explore the influence of silica fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) individually and combine them as binary cementitious material (BCM) on the hardened properties and embodied carbon of roller compacted concrete (RCC). A total of ten mixes were prepared with 1:2:4 mix ratio at the different water-cement ratios to keep the zero slump of roller compacted concrete. However, the replacement proportions for SF were 5%–15%, and FA were 5%–15% by the weight of cement individually and combine in roller compacted concrete for determining the hardened properties and embodied carbon. In this regard, several numbers of concrete specimens (cubes and cylinders) were cast and cured for 7 and 28 days correspondingly. It was observed that the compressive strength of RCC is boosted by 33.6 MPa and 30.6 MPa while using 10% of cement replaced with SF and FA individually at 28 days, respectively. Similarly, the splitting tensile strength of RCC is enhanced by 3.5 MPa at 10% cement replaced with SF and FA on 28 days, respectively. The compressive and splitting tensile strength of RCC is increased by 34.2 MPa and 3.8 MPa at SF7.5FA7.5 as BCM after 28 days consistently. In addition, the water absorption of RCC decreased while using SF and FA as cementitious material individually and together at 28 days. Besides, the embodied carbon of RCC decreased with increasing the replacement level of SF and FA by the mass of cement individually and combined.

Currently, recycling of waste materials in construction is being considered very important because waste generation is posing serious threats to our living environment. Hence, to induce sustainability in the ongoing urban development, researchers around the globe are using numerous wastes in concrete as partial substitutes of binders (cement, lime, etc.) and fillers (fine and coarse aggregates) with the aim of reducing the depletion of natural resources and cutting the carbon dioxide emissions emerging from increased demand and production of cement. This review paper has summarized the findings of literature relating to recycling of marble wastes and ceramic tiles wastes in production of concrete. The physical, fresh-state, and strength properties of concrete were reviewed from available extensive literature, and it was found that the concrete prepared from marble waste and ceramic waste as partial substitution of cement and aggregates is expected to perform at least comparable to conventional cement concrete and better if applicable. Both marble wastes and ceramic tiles wastes can be incorporated and recycled in concrete as cementitious materials and aggregate replacing materials. With such approach, the concrete can be made strong and durable, and the issues relating to depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation can also be solved without compromising sustainability in infrastructure development.

Mass concrete has been commonly known for its thermal stresses which arise due to the entrapment of hydration temperature susceptible to thermal cracking. The utilization of mineral additives is a promising and widely adopted technique to mitigate such effects. This paper presents the thermal, physico-chemical, mechanical, and morphological behaviour of mass concrete with blends of bentonite (BT) and fly ash (FA). Apart from the rise in temperature due to hydration, the compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and microstructure were studied. The results of this study revealed that the substitution of BT and FA significantly improved the compressive strength and development rate of UPV in the mass concrete samples. The FA concrete (FC) specimen presented the lowest temperature during the peak hours compared to all other concrete mixes studied in this research. Bentonite concrete (BC) was also found to be more effective in controlling the escalation of temperature in mass concrete. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs presented partially reacted FA particles in a mix. XRD and DTA analysis indicated that the concentration of calcium hydroxide (CH) declined by substituting FA and BT, specifically in ternary blends, which was due to the dilution effect and consumption of CH through the pozzolanic reaction.

This research was performed to investigate the optimum conditions for developing pozzolanic ashes from organic wastes to be used as cement replacement materials. The organic wastes explored in the research are rice husk ash (RHA), wheat straw ash (WSA), and cow dung (CDA). When the organic waste is turned into ash, it develops a pozzolanic character due to the presence of silica. However, the presence of reactive silica and its pozzolanic reactivity depends on the calcination temperature, duration, and grinding. In this research, the organic wastes were calcined at three different calcination temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, and 800 °C) for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h duration. The obtained ashes were ground for 30 min and replaced by 20% with cement. The samples containing ashes were tested for compressive strength, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), weight loss, and strength activity index (SAI). It was observed that the RHA calcinated at 600 °C for 2 h showed better strength. However, in the case of WSA and CDA, the most favorable calcination condition in terms of strength development was obtained at 600 °C for 6 h duration. The highest SAI was achieved for the mortar samples containing CDA calcinated at 600 °C for 6 h duration (CDA600-6H). The other two ashes (RHA and WSA) did not qualify as pozzolan according to the ASTM C618 classification. This was due to the presence of silica in crystalline form and lower surface area of the ash material. In this research, the ash was ground only for 30 min after calcination which did not contribute to an increase in the specific surface area and thus the pozzolanic activity. The materials ground for the higher duration are recommended for higher SAI.

Distance-based clustering methods usually employ Euclidean distance as the proximity measure. This paper first identifies the best among some partition-based clustering methods using 17 artificial and 17 real-world datasets with Euclidean distance as the proximity measure. Next the impact of 24 different distance measures on the performance of the selected clustering method is evaluated by considering eight widely used validation indices to identify the most promising distance measure. Selection of the best distance measure is accomplished by computing an overall performance score based on the values of the eight validation criteria for each considered distance measure. The proposed IKMN+ algorithm, a modification of the incrementalKMN uses this best distance measure to obtain a partition-based clustering. Our findings revealed that IKNM+ could overcome the issue of initial centroid selection of k -means algorithm and provides good performance in clustering several real and synthetic datasets. All source codes and results are available at https://rb.gy/8utvke .

Without cement, concrete cannot be produced. Large amounts of raw materials are used to prepare cement, and when these materials are burned to create clinker, CO 2 is released into the atmosphere, harming the environment. As a result, the utilisation of waste and environmentally acceptable supplementary cementitious materials is being considered. This study aims to investigate the effects of local calcined clay (CC) on workability, water absorption, density, compressive strength, and split tensile strength of concrete. Different mixtures were made, some of which included CC as a partial replacement for regular Portland cement. Calcined clay was used in place of OPC at dosages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25At ages of 7 and 28 days, all the mixes were tested having a nominal mix ratio of 1:2:4 at a w/b ratio of 0.50. The concrete was found to be less workable as calcined clay was replaced. Capacity of concrete to absorb water increases with the amount of calcined clay present. From 0 to 10% CC, the density of CC concrete increased, then it decreased. Compressive and tensile strengths of concrete increased to a point of 10% before it decreased. The highest compressive strength of 20.8 MPa and 31.5 MPa, which are 18.18% and 14.13% greater than the standard mix at 7 and 28 days respectively, was achieved at 10% cement replacement with CC. Tensile strength of concrete also increased from 0 to 10% before decreasing. At 10% cement substitution with CC, the maximum tensile strength was achieved, measuring 2.41 MPa and 3.95 MPa, respectively, at 7 and 28 days. These values are 13.67% and 10.33% greater than the control mix. In addition to these mechanical properties, the embodied carbon, eco-strength efficiency, and embodied energy were calculated and assessed for sustainability. With the replacement of CC, it was seen that embodied carbon and energy decreased. However, with 10% CC replacement, eco-strength efficiency was maximum. The studies' findings show that a 10% cement replacement with local pozzolanic material is optimum.