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"Kumar, Rakesh"
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Green chemistry for beginners
\"With escalating concerns over the current state of our planet, the realization to work toward reducing our environmental footprint is gaining momentum. Scientists have realized that green chemistry is the key to reduce waste, rendering healthy environment, and improving human health. The 12 principles of green chemistry are the basic tenets that require understanding at the most fundamental level and implementationto promoting sustainable synthesis. This book discusses innovations in the form of greener technologies (superior green catalysts, alternate reaction media, and green energy sources) and elaborates their tremendous potential in combating the critical global challenges on the horizon. It intends to empower and educate students to grasp the key concepts of green chemistry, think out of the box and come up with new ideas, and apply the basic concepts in greening the world. It extensively covers the goals of the United Nation's 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development, which can be successfully achieved with the aid of green chemistry. It also highlights cutting-edge greener technologies such as biomimicry, miniaturization, and continuous flow.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Introduction of high-value Crocus sativus (saffron) cultivation in non-traditional regions of India through ecological modelling
Crocus sativus
L. (saffron) is a globally used expensive spice. There are a few countries like Iran, Greece, Morocco, Spain, Italy, Turkey, France, Switzerland, Pakistan, China, Japan and Australia where this spice is cultivated and exported to other countries. India contributes 5% of the world's total production of which 90% is supplied only from its Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) regions. In India, the production of saffron from J&K is 3.83 tonnes whereas its annual demand is approximately 100 tonnes. In this country, there are geographical regions that have similar environmental and ecological conditions to J&K and possess the possibility of introducing this crop. Identification of such regions can be made using Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM). Therefore, 'MaxEnt' ENM was carried out using 103 environmental variables, 20 presence data and topographic parameters (elevation, slope and aspect) to find suitable regions for saffron production in unconventional areas of India. The achieved area under the curve for the model was 0.99. The precipitation and temperature were the main environmental variable influencing its cultivation. The saffron was sowed in these new modelled locations in India representing its various states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur and Tamil Nadu. The quality, as well as yield of saffron produced in some of these regions, were evaluated and found at par with the saffron grown traditionally in India. Based on the promising results obtained in this work, we are expanding saffron cultivation to more modelled areas in India to meet our national demand.
Journal Article
Integration of process planning and scheduling : approaches and algorithms
\"Both process planning and scheduling are very important functions of manufacturing, which affects together the cost to manufacture a product and the time to deliver it. This book contains various approaches proposed by researchers, to integrate the process planning and scheduling functions of manufacturing under varying configurations of shops. It is useful for both beginners and advanced researchers to understand and formulate the Integration Process Planning and Scheduling (IPPS) problem effectively\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Impacts of Plastic Pollution on Ecosystem Services, Sustainable Development Goals, and Need to Focus on Circular Economy and Policy Interventions
Plastic pollution is ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Plastic waste exposed to the environment creates problems and is of significant concern for all life forms. Plastic production and accumulation in the natural environment are occurring at an unprecedented rate due to indiscriminate use, inadequate recycling, and deposits in landfills. In 2019, the global production of plastic was at 370 million tons, with only 9% of it being recycled, 12% being incinerated, and the remaining left in the environment or landfills. The leakage of plastic wastes into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is occurring at an unprecedented rate. The management of plastic waste is a challenging problem for researchers, policymakers, citizens, and other stakeholders. Therefore, here, we summarize the current understanding and concerns of plastics pollution (microplastics or nanoplastics) on natural ecosystems. The overall goal of this review is to provide background assessment on the adverse effects of plastic pollution on natural ecosystems; interlink the management of plastic pollution with sustainable development goals; address the policy initiatives under transdisciplinary approaches through life cycle assessment, circular economy, and sustainability; identify the knowledge gaps; and provide current policy recommendations. Plastic waste management through community involvement and socio-economic inputs in different countries are presented and discussed. Plastic ban policies and public awareness are likely the major mitigation interventions. The need for life cycle assessment and circularity to assess the potential environmental impacts and resources used throughout a plastic product’s life span is emphasized. Innovations are needed to reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover plastics and find eco-friendly replacements for plastics. Empowering and educating communities and citizens to act collectively to minimize plastic pollution and use alternative options for plastics must be promoted and enforced. Plastic pollution is a global concern that must be addressed collectively with the utmost priority.
Journal Article
Investigating fiber laser marking parameters for titanium alloy to enhance orthopaedic implant traceability and corrosion resistance
Corrosion poses a significant threat to medical devices, compromising their structural integrity, functionality, and biocompatibility, which can lead to device failure, patient injury, and even life-threatening complications. This investigation used titanium alloy (Grade 5), a biocompatible material that offers a superior strength-to-weight ratio, better resistance against corrosion, and is lightweight but costlier. Grade 5 titanium alloys, in particular, form a passive oxide layer (mostly titanium dioxide, TiO₂ ) on their surface, providing superior resistance to corrosion. However, certain circumstances can weaken this layer or cause specific types of corrosion, such as chloride stress corrosion. Cracking (due to certain chemical processes or saltwater), pitting corrosion (which creates small holes in materials), and galvanic corrosion (when titanium is in contact with a dissimilar metal in the presence of an electrolyte) can occur. Due to high- temperature saline environments, corrosion can weaken the material and lower its fatigue strength. Therefore, selecting optimal laser parameters during marking is a method for controlling corrosion. In this research article, different laser marking parameters (power, speed, and frequency) were applied based on the orthogonal array L9, and the best combination of parameters was selected for different device systems (screws, plates, nails, and hip prostheses) for orthopedic applications. Elemental analysis before and after laser marking was performed to determine whether the percentage of elements in the material changed and to confirm whether the elemental percentages remained within acceptable limits. Furthermore, the potassium ferricyanide-nitric acid test (blue point test) was conducted after laser marking to examine the effect of laser penetration in the marked area and assess its impact on corrosion.
Journal Article
Salt tolerance in rice: seedling and reproductive stage QTL mapping come of age
Key messageReproductive stage salinity tolerance is most critical for rice as it determines the yield under stress. Few studies have been undertaken for this trait as phenotyping was cumbersome, but new methodology outlined in this review seeks to redress this deficiency. Sixty-three meta-QTLs, the most important genomic regions to target for enhancing salinity tolerance, are reported.Although rice has been categorized as a salt-sensitive crop, it is not equally affected throughout its growth, being most sensitive at the seedling and reproductive stages. However, a very poor correlation exists between sensitivity at these two stages, which suggests that the effects of salt are determined by different mechanisms and sets of genes (QTLs) in seedlings and during flowering. Although tolerance at the reproductive stage is arguably the more important, as it translates directly into grain yield, more than 90% of publications on the effects of salinity on rice are limited to the seedling stage. Only a few studies have been conducted on tolerance at the reproductive stage, as phenotyping is cumbersome. In this review, we list the varieties of rice released for salinity tolerance traits, those being commercially cultivated in salt-affected soils and summarize phenotyping methodologies. Since further increases in tolerance are needed to maintain future productivity, we highlight work on phenotyping for salinity tolerance at the reproductive stage. We have constructed an exhaustive list of the 935 reported QTLs for salinity tolerance in rice at the seedling and reproductive stages. We illustrate the chromosome locations of 63 meta-QTLs (with 95% confidence interval) that indicate the most important genomic regions for salt tolerance in rice. Further study of these QTLs should enhance our understanding of salt tolerance in rice and, if targeted, will have the highest probability of success for marker-assisted selections.
Journal Article
A Review on Material and Antimicrobial Properties of Soy Protein Isolate Film
In twenty first century, there is an increasing demand for packed food which requires packaging films. At present, these packaging films are processed from synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene and many other synthetic polymers. But we need to start using soy protein as sustainable antimicrobial film that can be used for packaging purposes. There is abundance and high availability of soy protein isolate (SPI) as by-product from industries, such as food processing or biodiesel production. Soy based films from renewable resources can offer a more suitable alternative to films fabricated from synthetic materials. Soy based films in presence of additives such as acidic compounds, nanoparticles and natural compounds have good mechanical properties and are transparent in nature. In addition, soy based film in presence of 2,2-diphenyl-2-hydroxyethanoic acid and copper phosphate can give lotus-like structure as evidenced from morphological studies. Also the manufacturing process (solution casting and compression molding) of SPI film in the presence or absence of additives is very easy and commercially feasible. It is worth noting that SPI films can be produced at laboratory scale by both casting and compression molding methods. In this review paper, we have focused on the material properties as well as antimicrobial properties of SPI based films in the presence of natural and synthetic additives as reported in the last 20 years.
Journal Article
Supervised deep learning-based paradigm to screen the enhanced oil recovery scenarios
High oil prices and concern about limited oil reserves lead to increase interest in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Selecting the most efficient development plan is of high interest to optimize economic cost. Hence, the main objective of this study is to construct a novel deep-learning classifier to select the best EOR method based on the reservoir’s rock and fluid properties (depth, porosity, permeability, gravity, viscosity), and temperature. Our deep learning-based classifier consists of a one-dimensional (1D) convolutional neural network, long short-term memory (LSTM), and densely connected neural network layers. The genetic algorithm has been applied to tune the hyperparameters of this hybrid classifier. The proposed classifier is developed and tested using 735 EOR projects on sandstone, unconsolidated sandstone, carbonate, and conglomerate reservoirs in more than 17 countries. Both the numerical and graphical investigations approve that the structure-tuned deep learning classifier is a reliable tool to screen the EOR scenarios and select the best one. The designed model correctly classifies training, validation, and testing examples with an accuracy of 96.82%, 84.31%, and 82.61%, respectively. It means that only 30 out of 735 available EOR projects are incorrectly identified by the proposed deep learning classifier. The model also demonstrates a small categorical cross-entropy of 0.1548 for the classification of the involved enhanced oil recovery techniques. Such a powerful classifier is required to select the most suitable EOR candidate for a given oil reservoir with limited field information.
Journal Article
Sarcopenia: Ammonia metabolism and hepatic encephalopathy
Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and/or strength) frequently complicates liver cirrhosis and adversely affects the quality of life; cirrhosis related liver decompensation and significantly decreases wait-list and post-liver transplantation survival. The main therapeutic strategies to improve or reverse sarcopenia include dietary interventions (supplemental calorie and protein intake), increased physical activity (supervised resistance and endurance exercises), hormonal therapy (testosterone), and ammonia lowering agents (L-ornithine L-aspartate, branch chain amino acids) as well as mechanistic approaches that target underlying molecular and metabolic abnormalities. Besides other factors, hyperammonemia has recently gained attention and increase sarcopenia by various mechanisms including increased expression of myostatin, increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a, cataplerosis of α ketoglutarate, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species that decrease protein synthesis and increased autophagy-mediated proteolysis. Sarcopenia contributes to frailty and increases the risk of minimal and overt hepatic encephalopathy.
Journal Article
2D Layered Materials Based Triboelectric Self‐Powered Sensors
Sensors play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life, ensuring safety, and facilitating technological advancements. Over the past decade, 2D layered materials have been added as new sensing element in addition to existing materials such as metal oxides, semiconductors, metals, and polymers. 2D Layered materials are typically characterized by their single or few‐layer thickness and offer a high surface‐to‐volume ratio, exceptional mechanical strength, and unique electronic attributes. These properties make them ideal candidates for a variety of sensing applications. This review article focused on utilizing 2D layered materials in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for different sensing applications. The best part of TENG‐based sensing is that it is self‐powered, so no external power supply is required. The initial part of the review focused on the importance of the 2D layered materials and their innovative integration methods in TENGs. Further, this review discusses various sensing applications, including humidity, touch, force, temperature, and gas sensing, highlighting the impact of 2D layered materials in enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of TENG sensors. The last part of the review discusses the challenges and prospects of TENG‐based self‐powered sensors. The present review explores the utilization of 2D layered materials in triboelectric nanogenerators and its application in self‐powered sensors. It covers the fundamentals of TENGs, various sensing applications including humidity, touch, gas, force, respiratory, and temperature sensing, and discusses the challenges and future prospects of TENG‐based sensors.
Journal Article