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In Vitro Diagnostic Assays for COVID-19: Recent Advances and Emerging Trends
There have been tremendous advances in in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main IVD assays used for COVID-19 employ real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that takes a few hours. But the assay duration has been shortened to 45 min by Cepheid. Of interest is the point-of-care (POC) molecular assay by Abbott that decreased the assay duration to just 5 min. Most molecular tests have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under emergency use authorization (EUA) and are Conformité Européenne (CE) marked. A wide range of serology immunoassays (IAs) have also been developed that complement the molecular assays for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The most prominent IAs are automated chemiluminescent IA (CLIA), manual ELISA, and rapid lateral flow IA (LFIA), which detect the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) produced in persons in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ongoing research efforts and advances in complementary technologies will pave the way to new POC IVD assays in the coming months. However, the performance of IVD assays needs to be critically evaluated before they are employed for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19.
Journal Article
Bitcoin and blockchain : history and current applications
In recent years, blockchain development has grown quickly from the original Bitcoin protocol to the second-generation Ethereum platform, and to today's process of building third-generation blockchains. During this evolution, we can see how blockchain technology has evolved from its original form as a distributed database to becoming a fully fledged, globally distributed, cloud computing platform. This book traces the past, present, and future of blockchain technology. Presents the knowledge and history of Bitcoin; Offers blockchain applications; Discusses developing working code for real-world blockchain applications; Includes many real-life examples; Covers the original Bitcoin protocol to the second-generation Ethereum platform. Bitcoin and Blockchain: History and Current Applications is a useful reference for students, business schools, research scholars, practitioners, and business analytics professionals.
Book
A global meta-analysis of livestock grazing impacts on soil properties
Grazing effects on soil properties under different soil and environmental conditions across the globe are often controversial. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the overall magnitude and direction of the grazing effects on soils. This global meta-analysis was conducted using the mixed model method to address the overall effects of grazing intensities (heavy, moderate, and light) on 15 soil properties based on 287 papers published globally from 2007 to 2019. Our findings showed that heavy grazing significantly increased the soil BD (11.3% relative un-grazing) and PR (52.5%) and reduced SOC (-10.8%), WC (-10.8%), NO.sub.3 .sup.- (-23.5%), and MBC (-27.9%) at 0-10 cm depth, and reduced SOC (-22.5%) and TN (-19.9%) at 10-30 cm depth. Moderate grazing significantly increased the BD (7.5%), PR (46.0%), and P (18.9%) (0-10 cm), and increased pH (4.1%) and decreased SOC (-16.4%), TN (-10.6%), and P (-23.9%) (10-30 cm). Light grazing significantly increased the SOC (10.8%) and NH.sub.4 .sup.+ (28.7%) (0-10 cm). Heavy grazing showed much higher mean probability (0.70) leading to overgrazing than the moderate (0.14) and light (0.10) grazing. These findings indicate that, globally, compared to un-grazing, heavy grazing significantly increased soil compaction and reduced SOC, NO.sub.3 .sup.-, and soil moisture. Moderate grazing significantly increased soil compaction and alkalinity and reduced SOC and TN. Light grazing significantly increased SOC and NH.sub.4 .sup.+ . Cattle grazing impacts on soil compaction, SOC, TN, and available K were higher than sheep grazing, but lower for PR. Climate significantly impacted grazing effects on SOM, TN, available P, NH.sub.4 .sup.+, EC, CEC, and PR. Heavy grazing can be more detrimental to soil quality based on BD, SOC, TN, C: N, WC, and K than moderate and light grazing. However, global grazing intensities did not significantly impact most of the 15 soil properties, and the grazing effects on them had insignificant changes over the years.
Journal Article
Ultrafast THz probing of nonlocal orbital current in transverse multilayer metallic heterostructures
THz generation from femtosecond photoexcited spintronic heterostructures has become a versatile tool for investigating ultrafast spin-transport and transient charge-current in a non-contact and non-invasive manner. The equivalent effect from the orbital degree of freedom is still in the primitive stage. Here, we experimentally demonstrate orbital-to-charge current conversion in metallic heterostructures, consisting of a ferromagnetic layer adjacent to either a light or a heavy metal layer, through detection of the emitted THz pulses. Our temperature-dependent experiments help to disentangle the orbital and spin components that are manifested in the respective Hall-conductivities, contributing to THz emission. NiFe/Nb shows the strongest inverse orbital Hall effect with an experimentally extracted value of effective intrinsic Hall-conductivity,
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, while CoFeB/Pt shows maximum contribution from the inverse spin Hall effect. In addition, we observe a nearly ten-fold enhancement in the THz emission due to pronounced orbital-transport in W-insertion heavy metal layer in CoFeB/W/Ta heterostructure as compared to CoFeB/Ta bilayer counterpart.
By optically driving the magnetization in a magnetic system, terahertz emission can be induced from an adjacent normal metal, as a result of spin-to-charge conversion. Here, Kumar and Kumar successfully show the equivalent effect arising from orbital-to-charge conversion.
Journal Article
Hybrid magnesium matrix composites: A review of reinforcement philosophies, mechanical and tribological characteristics
Magnesium hybrid composites are a new class of lightweight metal matrix composites having excellent physical, mechanical, wear and corrosive properties. Hybrid magnesium matrix composites are fabricated using different combinations of reinforcements having basics properties like wear resistance and high strength of ceramics, self-lubricating of graphite, MoS
, CNT, and graphene, high thermal conductivity of carbon, diamond, and cubic boron nitride, and low cost of fly ash. This article presents an overview of different combinations of reinforcements used for fabrication of hybrid magnesium matrix composites and their effects on the mechanical and tribological properties of the hybrid materials. The major issues like agglomeration, interfacial phenomena, reinforcement–matrix bonding, and problems related to uniform distribution of particles are discussed in this article. Magnesium hybrid composites have the potential of satisfying the recent demands of aerospace, automobile, biomedical, defense, marine, and electronics industries. The future directions and potential research areas in the field of magnesium hybrid composites are also highlighted.
Journal Article
Cas9-specific immune responses compromise local and systemic AAV CRISPR therapy in multiple dystrophic canine models
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 editing holds promise to treat many diseases. The immune response to bacterial-derived Cas9 has been speculated as a hurdle for AAV-CRISPR therapy. However, immunological consequences of AAV-mediated Cas9 expression have thus far not been thoroughly investigated in large mammals. We evaluate Cas9-specific immune responses in canine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) following intramuscular and intravenous AAV-CRISPR therapy. Treatment results initially in robust dystrophin restoration in affected dogs but also induces muscle inflammation, and Cas9-specific humoral and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses that are not prevented by the muscle-specific promoter and transient prednisolone immune suppression. In normal dogs, AAV-mediated Cas9 expression induces similar, though milder, immune responses. In contrast, other therapeutic (micro-dystrophin and SERCA2a) and reporter (alkaline phosphatase, AP) vectors result in persistent expression without inducing muscle inflammation. Our results suggest Cas9 immunity may represent a critical barrier for AAV-CRISPR therapy in large mammals.
The Cas9-specific T cell response has been speculated to impair CRISPR therapy. Here, the authors show that local and systemic AAV CRISPR therapy induces cytotoxic killing and eliminates rescued dystrophin in canine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Journal Article
Liquid crystals in photovoltaics: a new generation of organic photovoltaics
This article presents an overview of the developments in the field of organic photovoltaics (PVs) with liquid crystals (LCs). A brief introduction to the PV and LC fields is given first, followed by application of various LCs in organic PVs. Details of LCs used in bilayer solar cells, bulk heterojunction solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells have been given. All the liquid crystalline materials used in PVs are structured and the efficiency of solar cells is tabulated. Finally, an outlook into the future of this newly emerging, fascinating and exciting field of self-organizing supramolecular LC PV research is provided.
Liquid crystals (LCs) have recently gained significant importance in organic photovoltaics (PVs). Power-conversion efficiency up to about 10% has reached in solar cells incorporating LCs. This review presents an overview of the developments in the field of organic PVs with LCs. Comprehensive details of LCs used in bilayer solar cells, bulk heterojunction solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells have been given. An outlook into the future of this newly emerging, fascinating and exciting field of self-organizing supramolecular LC PV research is provided.
Journal Article
Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Recent Advances and Trends
Recent years have witnessed tremendous advances in point-of-care diagnostics (POCD), which are a result of continuous developments in biosensors, microfluidic, bioanalytical platforms, assay formats, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and complementary technologies. This special issue targets the critical advances in POCD and provides guided insights and directions for future research.
Journal Article
A Review on Photocatalysis Used For Wastewater Treatment: Dye Degradation
Water pollution is a global issue as a consequence of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Organic compounds which are generated from various industries produce problematic pollutants in water. Recently, metal oxide (TiO2, SnO2, CeO2, ZrO2, WO3, and ZnO)-based semiconductors have been explored as excellent photocatalysts in order to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater. However, their photocatalytic performance is limited due to their high band gap (UV range) and recombination time of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Strategies for improving the performance of these metal oxides in the fields of photocatalysis are discussed. To improve their photocatalytic activity, researchers have investigated the concept of doping, formation of nanocomposites and core–shell nanostructures of metal oxides. Rare-earth doped metal oxides have the advantage of interacting with functional groups quickly because of the 4f empty orbitals. More precisely, in this review, in-depth procedures for synthesizing rare earth doped metal oxides and nonocomposites, their efficiency towards organic pollutants degradation and sources have been discussed. The major goal of this review article is to propose high-performing, cost-effective combined tactics with prospective benefits for future industrial applications solutions.
Journal Article