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This article presents an investigation report of the effects of temperature variation in the range of 300 to 480 K on electrical performance parameters of conventional dual‐material double‐gate tunnel field effect transistor (DMDG‐TFET) and dual‐material gate‐oxide‐stack double‐gate tunnel field effect transistor (DMGOSDG‐TFET). This report shows an analysis and comparison of the impacts of operating temperature variation on both the devices in terms of DC, analogue/RF, linearity and harmonic distortion parameters with the help of simulation results obtained using a numerical device simulator. It could be stated that DMGOSDG‐TFET is more insensitive with respect to temperature variation in terms of DC, analogue/RF and linearity performances as compared to conventional DMDG‐TFET. Moreover, in terms of harmonic distortion characteristics DMGOSDG‐TFET is found to be more stable with temperature variation as compared to DMDG‐TFET.

Performance of photonic devices critically depends upon their efficiency on controlling the flow of light therein. In the recent past, the implementation of plasmonics, two-dimensional (2D) materials and metamaterials for enhanced light-matter interaction (through concepts such as sub-wavelength light confinement and dynamic wavefront shape manipulation) led to diverse applications belonging to spectroscopy, imaging and optical sensing etc. While 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2 etc., are still being explored in optical sensing in last few years, the application of plasmonics and metamaterials is limited owing to the involvement of noble metals having a constant electron density. The capability of competently controlling the electron density of noble metals is very limited. Further, due to absorption characteristics of metals, the plasmonic and metamaterial devices suffer from large optical loss. Hence, the photonic devices (sensors, in particular) require that an efficient dynamic control of light at nanoscale through field (electric or optical) variation using substitute low-loss materials. One such option may be plasmonic metasurfaces. Metasurfaces are arrays of optical antenna-like anisotropic structures (sub-wavelength size), which are designated to control the amplitude and phase of reflected, scattered and transmitted components of incident light radiation. The present review put forth recent development on metamaterial and metastructure-based various sensors.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) stands as a compelling alternative to conventional plastic-based packaging, signifying a notable shift toward sustainable material utilization. This comprehensive analysis illuminates the manifold applications of PLA composites within the realm of the food industry, emphasizing its pivotal role in food packaging and preservation. Noteworthy attributes of PLA composites with phenolic active compounds (phenolic acid and aldehyde, terpenes, carotenoid, and so on) include robust antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, significantly enhancing its capability to bolster adherence to stringent food safety standards. The incorporation of microbial and synthetic biopolymers, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, oils, proteins and peptides to PLA in packaging solutions arises from its inherent non-toxicity and outstanding mechanical as well as thermal resilience. Functioning as a proficient film producer, PLA constructs an ideal preservation environment by merging optical and permeability traits. Esteemed as a pioneer in environmentally mindful packaging, PLA diminishes ecological footprints owing to its innate biodegradability. Primarily, the adoption of PLA extends the shelf life of products and encourages an eco-centric approach, marking a significant stride toward the food industry’s embrace of sustainable packaging methodologies. Graphical abstract

We study the structural, magnetic, and magneto-thermal properties of the GdRhIn compound. The room-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements show a hexagonal crystal structure. Temperature and field dependence of magnetization suggest two magnetic transitions—antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic at 16 K and ferromagnetic to paramagnetic at 34 K. The heat capacity measurements confirm both the magnetic transitions in GdRhIn. The magnetization data were used to calculate isothermal magnetic entropy change and refrigerant capacity in GdRhIn, which was found to be 10.3 J/Kg-K for the field change of 70 kOe and 282 J/Kg for the field change of 50 kOe, respectively. The large magnetocaloric effect in GdRhIn suggests that the material could be used for magnetic refrigeration at low temperatures.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in India represents a pivotal shift in the nation's sustainable mobility agenda, yet their adoption remains constrained by multifaceted challenges. This study offers the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis of electric vehicle adoption (EVA) research in the Indian context, tracing its evolution over the period 2014-2024. Drawing from a curated dataset of 153 Scopus-indexed journal articles, the study employs performance analysis, co-word analysis, co-citation mapping, and bibliographic coupling using Biblioshiny and vosviewer tools. The findings reveal a sharp acceleration in research output post-2020, driven by policy momentum, technological advancements, and rising environmental concerns. Thematic evolution analysis uncovers a progressive shift from early concerns around infrastructure and policy gaps to more recent emphasis on integrated adoption strategies, battery technology, and sustainable urban mobility. High-impact studies predominantly focus on consumer behavior, total cost of ownership, and policy effectiveness, with limited but growing international collaboration. This review highlights key research clusters, knowledge gaps, and emerging themes, offering valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. It also presents the direction of future research with a focus on consumer-centric models, renewable integration, and data-based policy frameworks to help speed up EV adoption in India.

India's push toward electric mobility is critical for addressing urban pollution, reducing carbon emissions, and achieving sustainable transportation goals. However, the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) faces substantial resistance due to multidimensional barriers varying across consumer segments. This study identifies and prioritizes these barriers by examining two groups: first-time and second-time potential EV buyers, providing actionable insights for differentiated policy and market interventions. A three-phase research design was employed. First, a comprehensive literature analysis identified 25 obstacles across five dimensions: technological, infrastructural, financial, social, and policy-related. Using the Delphi approach, expert evaluations from 30 participants-15 from each consumer segment-identified the top ten essential problems for each group. These were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine relative importance. Findings reveal that while range anxiety and inadequate charging infrastructure are universally critical, first-time buyers prioritize performance concerns and social influence, whereas second-time buyers are more influenced by economic factors, technological skepticism, and policy clarity. The study offers segment-specific recommendations-ranging from infrastructure enhancement and performance assurance to financial incentives and transparent policies-to accelerate India's EV transition. It also provides implications for entrepreneurs and SMEs developing EV-related solutions. By identifying barriers across segments, the study supports innovation in sustainable business models-such as localized charging networks, battery leasing, and digital mobility platforms-strengthening Asia's green entrepreneurial ecosystem and contributing to literature by integrating comparative consumer perspectives into a structured prioritization framework.

A fast response time (0.1 s) magnetic field sensor has been demonstrated utilizing a photonic crystal fiber with nano-size air holes infiltrated with polyethylene glycol based magnetic fluid. The effect of magnetic nanoparticles concentration in the fluid on the magneto-optical sensor performance and its dependence under varying magnetic-field loads was investigated in detail. In particular, the sensor response was analytically modelled with a Langevin function with a good fit (R ≥ 0.996). A threshold sensing point as low as 20 gauss was recorded and a detection range of 0–350 gauss was demonstrated by means of optical transmission measurements. The experimental results were validated by theory using a waveguide light transmission model fed by finite-element method simulations of the principal guided modes in the infiltrated fiber sensor. The simple interrogation scheme, high sensitivity and quick response time makes the proposed hybrid fiber-optic magneto-fluidic probe a promising platform for novel biochemical sensing applications.

Spatial assessment of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soil salinity (EC e ) at the field scale is essential for effective soil and crop management in salt-affected lands. In this study, a cost-effective, rapid, and non-invasive geophysical technique, electromagnetic induction technique (EMI), was employed to measure soil SAR, while the Electrical Conductivity Sampling Assessment and Prediction (ESAP) software was used for its prediction and quantification. The investigation was conducted over a 12-ha experimental field at Nain, Panipat, Haryana, India. EMI survey was carried through EM-38 instrument in horizontal and vertical modes on a 20 × 20 m grid. To calibrate EMI readings, 21 optimal sampling locations were identified, and soil samples were collected up to 90 cm depth at 15 cm intervals (0–15, 15–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm). Laboratory analyses of these samples included electrical conductivity of the saturated extract (EC e ), saturation percentage (SP), moisture content (MC), cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺), anions (CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻), and SAR using standard wet chemistry procedures. Spatial variability of EC e , dominant cations and anions, and SAR was mapped using inverse distance squared (IDS) interpolation. Multiple linear regression (MLR) revealed that apparent conductivity (EC a ) strongly correlated with measured SAR (R 2 - 0.81) and EC e (R 2 -0.86) in upper 0–15 cm soil layer. High correlations were also observed between EC a and Na⁺ ( r  = 0.79) and Cl⁻ ( r  = 0.72), indicating sodium chloride (NaCl) as the principal contributor to both SAR and EC e in the study area. A quantitative evaluation of the mean soil profile (0–90 cm) demonstrated that 28.07% of the field area exhibited SAR values below 50, 30.36% ranged between 50 and 100, 38% between 100 and 200, 3.51% between 200 and 300, and only 0.06% exceeded 300. Similarly, spatial analysis of soil salinity (EC e ) indicated that 7.5% of the area had ECe < 4 dS m⁻¹, 8% ranged from 4 to 8 dS m⁻¹, 27.8% from 8 to 16 dS m⁻¹, 47.3% from 16 to 30 dS m⁻¹, while 9.4% exhibited highly saline conditions with EC e > 32 dS m⁻¹. Areas of high SAR coincided with high salinity (EC e ), primarily due to elevated Na⁺ concentration. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of EMI and ESAP software provides an efficient approach for quantifying and mapping SAR and salinity, offering a reliable basis for rehabilitation and management of salt-affected soils according to their severity.

Judicious application of saline water except for critical growth stages, could be the only practical solution to meet the crop water demand in arid and semi-arid regions, due to limited access to freshwater, especially during dry winter months. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage [conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and zero (ZT)], rice straw mulch and deficit saline-water irrigation in wheat (100, 80 and 60% of wheat water requirement, CWR) followed by rainfed sorghum on soil properties and the yields of the cropping system. Yields of both the crops were comparable between RT and CT, but the wheat yield was reduced in ZT. The RT, mulching and deficit saline irrigation in wheat season (60% CWR) increased the sorghum fodder yield. Olsen’s P (8.7–20.6%) and NH 4 OAc-K (2.5–7.5%) increased in RT and ZT, respectively, over CT under both the crops. Deficit irrigation reduced soil salinity (EC e ) by 0.73–1.19 dS m −1 after each crop cycle, while soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase reduced with an increase in EC e . The α -glucosidase, MBC, EC e , KMnO 4 oxidizable N, and urease were identified as major contributors in developing the soil health index. Deficit irrigation (60% CWR) and rice straw mulching under ZT and RT showed higher values of soil health index. Overall, deficit saline-water irrigation under reduced tillage and straw mulching had the greatest potential in maintaining soil health, saving fresh irrigation water without affecting the productivity of the sorghum-wheat system in the semi-arid regions of India. Results also demonstrated that salt affected areas of arid and semiarid countries can replicate the protocol for indexing and screening of soil health indicators to assess the sustainability of a cropping system. This integrated management based on the nature of the available resources also provided a practical approach to achieve the target of land degradation neutrality and land restoration.

Melanoma originates from melanin-producing cells called melanocytes. Melanoma poses a great risk because of its rapid ability to spread and invade new organs. Cellular metastasis involves alteration in the gene expression profile and their transformation from epithelial to mesenchymal state. Despite of several advances, metastatic melanoma being a key cause of therapy failure and mortality remains poorly understood. p32 has been found to be involved in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. However, the role of p32 in melanoma progression and metastasis remains underexplored. Here, we identify the role of p32 in the malignancy of both murine and human melanoma. p32 knockdown leads to reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in murine and human melanoma cells. Furthermore, p32 promotes in vitro tumorigenesis, inducing oncogenes and EMT markers. Mechanistically, we show p32 regulates tumorigenic and metastatic properties through the Akt/PKB signaling pathway in both murine and human melanoma. Furthermore, p32 silencing attenuates melanoma tumor progression and lung metastasis in vivo, modulating the tumor microenvironment by inhibiting the angiogenesis, infiltration of macrophages, and leukocytes in mice. Taken together, our findings identify that p32 drives melanoma progression, metastasis, and regulates the tumor microenvironment. p32 can be a target of a novel therapeutic approach in the regulation of melanoma progression and metastasis.