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Hybrid oxidation methodologies (HOMs) and active site enrichment of 2D nanocatalyst through defects induction are ubiquitously used for generating adequate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in synergistic decontamination of nano hazards. In this study, 2D graphitic carbon nitride (2D-gCN), synthesized through a single-step liquid exfoliation methodology, depicts a tensile strain-induced planar defect intensified structure, as comprehended from microscopic, spectroscopic, diffraction, and photo-electrochemical (PEC) studies. Also, the piezo-photocatalytic capability of degrader 2D-gCN is revealed through a rapid removal of several noxious organic pollutants, i.e., methylene blue (MB, 97% in 16 min), bromophenol blue (BB, 88% in 16 min), and ampicillin (AMP, 75%, in 120 min) in a controlled catalytic condition. Rates for MB, BB, and AMP piezo-photo-dismissals are respectively ~ 16.4, 9.4, and 3.4 times higher than sole photocatalysis. The dismissal pathway consists of band bending through photon-aided piezo-cavitation, which leads to maximum ROS production and recombination suppression. Furthermore, LC–MS analysis confirms AMP remediation. In radicals trapping, OH, h+, and O2.− are predominantly accountable for the AMP, BB, and MB dismissal, respectively. The piezo-photocatalytic stability has been assured through the morphological and bond characteristics of reusable 2D-gCN. So, using the HOM approach, 2D-gCN can be projected as a proficient remediator in wastewater treatments.

In this work, morphology-dependent antibacterial property of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) has been studied and an attempt has been made to investigate the reactive oxygen species generation potential of these nanoparticles. The antibacterial properties of ZnO nanorods with two different sizes have been quantitatively studied and their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) has been determined against E.coli, a gram negative bacteria. It has been observed that ZNPs with smaller size exhibit better bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties. Furthermore, optical analysis has revealed that the smaller nanoparticles having greater efficiency to inhibit cell growth have higher density of surface defects and greater availability of free electrons and holes which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To develop an insight into the oxidative microenvironment and the consequential cellular response, we have done the transcriptional analysis of oxidative stress gene sodA in ZNPs treated bacterial samples. Expression profile of the gene has been found to be ZNPs concentration dependent. An increase in the concentration of nanoparticles till MIC increased the expression level in a concentration dependent fashion. However beyond the MIC, the expression level of the gene is unexpectedly down-regulated reflecting the detrimental effect of higher levels of ROS on cellular components and metabolic activities. Thus through this study, we have tried to investigate the correlation between the surface morphology of ZNPs, production of ROS, growth-inhibiting activity and cellular response in this condition.

Optimizing the optoelectronic characteristics of low-dimensional carbon dots (CDs) through surface modifications and doping has proven instrumental in tailoring them for diverse applications. This study explores a facile and economical hydrothermal synthesis method for generating Carbonized Polymer Dots using o-phenylenediamine at different temperatures. The resulting materials exhibit structural and morphological variations linked to the synthesis temperature. A transition from carbon dots (CDs) embedded in reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-like sheet structures at low temperatures to the core-shell structure at the highest temperature is observed in HR-TEM, implying the formation of CPDs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) corroborates these findings, showing an augmented degree of graphitization in alignment with HR-TEM results. The photoluminescence spectra of CPDs synthesized at the lowest temperature exhibit multiple emission peaks, resulting in a yellowish-orange color. Utilizing these CPDs to fabricate light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produces a vivid bright-green emission with CIE coordinates (0.378, 0.522). Moreover, the CPDs demonstrate solvatochromism across diverse solvents of varying polarity, covering the entire visible spectrum. This intriguing solvatochromic effect positions the CPDs as promising materials for polarity probing applications.

Let k be a differential field of characteristic zero and the field of constants C of k be an algebraically closed field. Let E be a differential field extension of k having C as its field of constants and that E = E m ⊇ E m - 1 ⊇ ⋯ ⊇ E 1 ⊇ E 0 = k , where E i is either an elementary extension of E i - 1 or E i = E i - 1 ( t i , t i ′ ) and t i is Weierstrassian (in the sense of Kolchin (Amer. J. Math. 75(4):753–824, 1953)) over E i - 1 or E i is a Picard–Vessiot extension of E i - 1 having a differential Galois group isomorphic to either the special linear group SL 2 ( C ) or the infinite dihedral subgroup D ∞ of SL 2 ( C ) . In this article, we prove that Liouville’s theorem on integration in finite terms (Rosenlicht in Pac J Math 24(1):153–161, 1968, Theorem) holds for E . That is, if η ∈ E and η ′ ∈ k , then there is a positive integer n and for i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n , there are elements c i ∈ C , u i ∈ k \\ { 0 } , and v ∈ k such that η ′ = ∑ i = 1 n c i u i ′ u i + v ′ .

Bio-imaging is a crucial tool for researchers in the fields of cell biology and developmental biomedical sector. Among the various available imaging techniques, fluorescence based imaging stands out due to its high sensitivity and specificity. However, traditional fluorescent materials used in biological imaging often suffer from issues such as photostability and biocompatibility. Moreover, plant tissues contain compounds that cause autofluorescence and light scattering, which can hinder fluorescence microscopy effectiveness. This study explores the development of fluorescent carbon dots (Cm-CDs) synthesized from Citrus medica fruit extract for the fluorescence imaging of Vigna radiata root cells. The successful synthesis of CDs with an average size of 6.7 nm is confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and raman spectroscopy indicated that the obtained CDs are amorphous in nature. The presence of various functional groups on the surface of CDs were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The optical characteristics of Cm-CDs were studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Cm-CDs demonstrated strong excitation-dependent fluorescence, good solubility, and effective penetration in to the Vigna radiata root cells with multicolor luminescence, and addressed autofluorescence issues. Additionally, a comparative analysis determined the optimal concentration for high-resolution, multi-color root cell imaging, with Cm-CD2 (2.5 mg/ml) exhibiting the highest photoluminescence (PL) intensity. These findings highlight the potential of Cm-CDs in enhancing direct endocytosis and overcoming autofluorescence in plant cell imaging, offering promising advancements for cell biology research.

Recently, hybrid nanostructures have been very promising candidates for energy generation and storage applications in nanotechnology. Here, Manganese Oxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets hybrid composite was synthesised in chemical methods. The hybrid nanocomposite shows supercapacitance performance under a magnetic field and light irradiation. The magnetoelectrochemistry behaviour of the material was studied by varying external magnetic fields and the charge storage behaviours depending on the magnetic field. Additionally, the charge storage behaviour also changes under visible light irradiation. Interestingly, 82% enhancement is obtained under visible light. Therefore the present work gives a new pathway to understand the charge storage behaviour under light and magnetic fields.

Bio-triboelectric nanogenerators (B-TENGs) show promise as a sustainable and renewable source for harvesting green energy using natural biocompatible and biodegradable substrates. Dry leaves contribute to a large amount of waste accumulation daily, even though they can be used to generate energy. Almost all the dry leaves collected during cleaning procedures are burned, resulting in greenhouse emissions and air pollution. This work aims to consider using biodegradable fresh and dry leaves as a bio-source for a cost-effective, sustainable, and flexible energy-harvesting system. When different frequencies and pressures were applied to B-TENGs, significant potential power output of around ~30 V and ~350 μW was produced. The experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the charge transport phenomenon in dry-leaf powder under different compressive strains. A surface influences charge generation in B-TENGs and the presence of functional groups with inhomogeneous particle distribution, as demonstrated by experimental and mathematical modeling. The current work is ideal for large-scale manufacturing since it uses natural waste materials in dried forms, as well as simple and low-cost preparation. Therefore, our environmentally friendly solutions highlight the special abilities of plants to produce electricity for various flexible electronic applications. Graphical Abstract

Magnetism in semiconductor two-dimensional (2D) materials is gaining popularity due to its potential applications in memory devices, sensors, spintronics, and biomedical applications. Here, 2D cobalt telluride (CoTe) has been synthesized from its bulk crystals using a simple and scalable liquid-phase exfoliation method. The ultrathin CoTe shows ~ 400 times enhancement in its magnetic saturation values compared to the bulk form. The UV–Vis absorption spectra reveal superior absorption in the high-energy region, suggesting a semiconducting nature. Furthermore, we explain the bandgap and origin of high magnetic behavior by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The 2D CoTe shows a larger magnetism compared to bulk CoTe due to the reduced coordination number of the surface atoms, shape anisotropy, and surface charge effect. Additionally, the semiconducting nature and surface charges are fruitfully utilized for degradation of different toxic dyes under magnetic field and visible light irradiation. Therefore, atomically thin magnetic CoTe can give a new perspective to the separation of charge carriers.

Graphene is being suggested as a replacement for activated carbon in energy storage devices ranging from supercapacitors to batteries. The generation of multi-heteroatom self-doped graphene structure from waste materials will be an efficient way to meet the energy requirements with its productive applications in energy devices. Here, we present a novel, high-yield synthetic strategy to prepare multi-heteroatom self-doped highly porous graphene nanosheet from Pet coke (petroleum coke). Following a comprehensive characterization of graphene using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and its functionality in supercapacitor application is reported. The electrochemical performance of Pet graphene, in combination with 1 M H2SO4, is able to deliver specific capacitance as high as ~ 170 F/g in 0.5 A/g current density, with low equivalent series resistance. The fabricated symmetric device exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 44 F/g at 0.5 A/g current density with an excellent energy density of ~ 8.8 Wh/Kg along with a power density of ~ 800 W/Kg at 0.5 A/g current density. The fabricated device also shows high cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency. The results establish a new protocol for the large-scale synthesis of graphene from carbonaceous waste materials, making it competitive with its low-cost counterparts.