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Creating wilderness
The history of the Swiss National Park, from its creation in the years before the Great War to the present, is told for the first time in this book. Unlike Yellowstone Park, which embodied close cooperation between state-supported conservation and public recreation, the Swiss park put in place an extraordinarily strong conservation program derived from a close alliance between the state and scientific research. This deliberate reinterpretation of the American idea of the national park was innovative and radical, but its consequences were not limited to Switzerland. The Swiss park became the prime example of a \"scientific national park,\" thereby influencing the course of national parks worldwide.
eBook
Civilizing nature
National parks are one of the most important and successful institutions in global environmentalism. Since their first designation in the United States in the 1860s and 1870s they have become a global phenomenon. The development of these ecological and political systems cannot be understood as a simple reaction to mounting environmental problems, nor can it be explained by the spread of environmental sensibilities. Shifting the focus from the usual emphasis on national parks in the United States, this volume adopts an historical and transnational perspective on the global geography of protected areas and its changes over time. It focuses especially on the actors, networks, mechanisms, arenas, and institutions responsible for the global spread of the national park and the associated utilization and mobilization of asymmetrical relationships of power and knowledge, contributing to scholarly discussions of globalization and the emergence of global environmental institutions and governance.
eBook
Creating Wilderness
The history of the Swiss National Park, from its creation in the
years before the Great War to the present, is told for the first
time in this book. Unlike Yellowstone Park, which embodied close
cooperation between state-supported conservation and public
recreation, the Swiss park put in place an extraordinarily strong
conservation program derived from a close alliance between the
state and scientific research. This deliberate reinterpretation of
the American idea of the national park was innovative and radical,
but its consequences were not limited to Switzerland. The Swiss
park became the prime example of a \"scientific national park,\"
thereby influencing the course of national parks worldwide.
eBook
Science and the National Parks: A Transatlantic Perspective on the Interwar Years
The years between the two World Wars were a vital period in the global diffusion and the transnational modification and multiplication of the national park idea. It was during these decades that the American national park system took its distinct shape and the first national parks in Europe were established. At the same time, the science of ecology and ecological attitudes achieved prominence and offered a challenge as well as a new scientific underpinning of the national park idea on both sides of the Atlantic. The implementation of ecological ideas in national park policies, however, varied considerably from place to place. While ecological thinking failed to exert a lasting influence on the development of American national parks before World War II, it was of higher significance in Europe. The Swiss National Park stood out as a nature reserve extensively shaped by scientific theories and practices. The investigation of the intersection of science and national parks in a transatlantic perspective reveals that these variations essentially stemmed from a different role of science and scientists both in the establishment and administration of national parks and in their public justification.
Journal Article
Adapt and Cope: Strategies for Safeguarding the Quality of Life in a Shrinking Ageing Region
This article examines the adaptation and coping strategies that are in place to safeguard the quality of life in a shrinking ageing region. In particular, it is investigated which resources are available to local policy-makers and the older population in order to pursue this goal. Following an introduction to the debate of regional science about demographic change and its consequences, we introduce a theoretical differentiation between adaptation and coping. Adaptation strategies refer to the decision-makers who provide or are involved in organising public service facilities. Coping strategies and capacities refer to the customers and users affected by the changes. The population is not only passively affected by changes in public services, but also actively grapples with changed levels of infrastructure and takes up measures to safeguard their own quality of life. Empirically, we employ the results of semi-structured interviews with local and regional key persons and group interviews with elderly inhabitants of two small towns in the Harz region. The region under study is among the most ageing rural areas in Germany. Its demographic characteristics are based on many years of selective out-migration and partially age-selective in-migration. The research results reveal many measures and strategies which have been developed and employed by the different actor groups when faced with tangible problems. However, they have not been planned with a long term perspective. The availability of economic and social resources (human resources and investment funds on the part of administrations, financial resources and social networks on the part of the older population) is the chief differentiating and often limiting factor for the success of these measures and strategies. This article comes to the conclusion that adaptation and coping will remain processes for safeguarding the quality of life in shrinking ageing regions for the longer term. In addition to the targeted effects, the unintended consequences of today’s adaptation strategies will also influence the level and the design of future public services.
Journal Article
Translating Yellowstone
Europe is not a primary place for national parks. In 2003, the continent’s share was only 7 percent of the global number of national park sites and a mere 2 percent of the global area.¹ These figures seem to suggest that one is better off investigating national parks and their history in other places and, indeed, the European continent has received comparatively little attention. Furthermore, methodological nationalism, which prevailed in the field of history until recently, hindered a transnational approach to the topic. For the most part historical accounts have been limited to the national level, which has resulted in
Book Chapter
The influence of students’ prior clinical skills and context characteristics on mini-CEX scores in clerkships – a multilevel analysis
Background
In contrast to objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), mini-clinical evaluation exercises (mini-CEXs) take place at the clinical workplace. As both mini-CEXs and OSCEs assess clinical skills, but within different contexts, this study aims at analyzing to which degree students’ mini-CEX scores can be predicted by their recent OSCE scores and/or context characteristics.
Methods
Medical students participated in an end of Year 3 OSCE and in 11 mini-CEXs during 5 different clerkships of Year 4. The students’ mean scores of 9 clinical skills OSCE stations and mean ‘overall’ and ‘domain’ mini-CEX scores, averaged over all mini-CEXs of each student were computed. Linear regression analyses including random effects were used to predict mini-CEX scores by OSCE performance and characteristics of clinics, trainers, students and assessments.
Results
A total of 512 trainers in 45 clinics provided 1783 mini-CEX ratings for 165 students; OSCE results were available for 144 students (87 %). Most influential for the prediction of ‘overall’ mini-CEX scores was the trainers’ clinical position with a regression coefficient of 0.55 (95 %-CI: 0.26–0.84;
p
< .001) for residents compared to heads of department. Highly complex tasks and assessments taking place in large clinics significantly enhanced ‘overall’ mini-CEX scores, too. In contrast, high OSCE performance did not significantly increase ‘overall’ mini-CEX scores.
Conclusion
In our study, Mini-CEX scores depended rather on context characteristics than on students’ clinical skills as demonstrated in an OSCE. Ways are discussed which focus on either to enhance the scores’ validity or to use narrative comments only.
Journal Article
National Natures
“Homo novus Helveticus” blared an article in the 1 April 1910 issue of the Bern newspaper Der Bund reporting the Swiss government’s attempt to mediate a dispute that had broken out in a parliamentary committee over the proposal for a Swiss national park. The committee drafting the proposal had initially favored the idea, but had gotten bogged down in the details. The Federal Council now promised to support both draft versions of the bill. By way of background for this decision, the news article recapitulated the history of the national park plan to date and reminded readers that “both the
Book Chapter