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Coffee bean skin waste has been used as a coloring agent in the process of dyeing silk threads by varying the concentration of coffee bean extract extracts in 4 treatment stages, each 50 g/l, 100 g/l, 150 g/l and 200 g/l and varying the fixation solution lime also in 4 levels of treatment each 25 g/l, 50 g/l, 75 g/l and 100 g/l to obtain 16 kinds of silk thread colors. The parameters tested included color aging, color fastness to washing, rubbing, sweat and light. The aim of the study was to obtain the best treatment from the coloring process carried out, while the overall test results met the SNI quality requirements for how to test color fastness for washing, sweat and rubbing (BSN, 1989), except the results of the test for color fastness to light. The best treatment was obtained at the extraction concentration of 150 g/l coffee beans and the concentration of lime fixation solution 75 g/l produced a color aging K/S 20,93, color fastness to washing value 3-4 (enough) for discoloration and 4 (good) for color staining, color fastness to rubbing value 4 (good) for dry rubbing and 3-4 (enough) for wet rubbing, color fastness to perspiration value 4-5 (good) for acid and base rubbing as well as resistance color fastness to light values 2-3 (less).

Inadequate sanitation has catastrophic consequences for public health, standard of living, and productivity, as well as gender equality and social inclusion. Urban sanitation programmes yield suboptimal outcomes regarding long-term impact, effectiveness, sustainability, and fairness. To ensure that all urban dwellers in Low- to Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) have access to sanitation facilities that are properly maintained and safe, it is crucial to bring about a fundamental change in the urban sanitation sector through the implementation of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS). This research analyses the sanitation regulatory framework and stakeholders' perspectives in Bandung City, Indonesia. The goal is to determine the possible obstacles and advantages of implementing a comprehensive CWIS (Citywide Inclusive Sanitation) system in Indonesia. The CWIS idea has been recognised at the national level in Indonesia. While existing legislation and policies partially govern and deal with CWIS components, there is no official programme establishment yet and limited implementation at the local level. Some challenges that have been identified include conflicting priorities in serving marginalised populations, a lack of political commitment and capacity to provide comprehensive services for all types of domestic wastewater (including grey water) and throughout the entire sanitation service chain (from containment to treatment and/or reuse and recovery), inadequate knowledge management and data transparency, a lack of incentives and penalties for local governments to meet sanitation standards, and limited motivation for meaningful and institutionalised private sector involvement. This study also delineates four crucial domains for efficiently fostering the deployment of CWIS in Indonesia.

Universal access to safe and adequate sanitation is a critical public health and environmental issue, particularly in low-income urban areas. The Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS) approach seeks to address the challenge of meeting the universal access to sanitation for all, including the most vulnerable groups. The six key criteria in CWIS are: (1) equity; (2) safety; (3) sustainability; (4) responsibility; (5) accountability; and (6) Resource Planning and Management. This study aimed to develop and validate survey instruments for CWIS measurement in urban areas of Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). First, we specified the domains based on the six CWIS criteria by, adding the vulnerability criterion to the equation. We developed candidate items for each domain by reviewing the relevant literature. Face validity was determined through cognitive interviews, and content validity was determined through the evaluation of two experts. We added, removed, merged, and rephrased items based on the results of cognitive interviews and feedback from subject matter experts. We piloted the instrument and conducted statistical analysis to ensure the validity and reliability of the ‘scales and indices. The CWIS survey modules address a recognized need for greater emphasis on inclusive sanitation. We provide researchers and policymakers with tools to measure CWIS sub-constructs in a valid and reliable manner to generate data for improved targeting, design, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to improve sanitation access for vulnerable and marginalized urban citizens.