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To our knowledge this is the first report on the isolation of a flavonoid glycoside: quercetin 3-O-α-arabinopyranoside (5), two phenylbutanon glycosides: 4-(4'-O-[6''-O-galloyl-β-galactopyranosyl]-3'-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-on (8), 4-(3'-O-β-glucopyranosyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-on (9), one phloroglucinol glycoside: 1-O-β-glucopyranosyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzene (10) and a steroid glycoside: sitosterol-3-O-(6''-O-butanoyl)-β-galactopyranoside (14) from the Cistus species (Cistaceae). Additional to these compounds three flavonol aglycones: kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), myricetin (3); three flavonoid glycosides; kaempferol 3-O-β-(6''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside (6), myricetin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside (7); one phloroglucinol glycoside: 1-O-β-glucopyranosyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzene (11); one steroid aglycone: β-sitosterol (12); one steroid glycoside: Sitosterol-3-O- β-glucopyranoside (13) were isolated from the aerial parts of the Cistus salviifolius L.. Their structures were identified using spectral methods (UV, IR, 1D- and 2D-NMR, and ESI-MS).

Aim: Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important cause of flap loss. We investigated effects of Quercus coccifera L. extract known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity on skin flap viability. Methods: Eighteen Wistar rats were used. Random-pattern skin flaps, 9x3 cm in size, were applied on rats back and then the rats were divided into three groups. Following surgery, 2 cc of nitrofurazone cream and 2 cc of Q. coccifera L. water extract were applied daily in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Group 1 received no treatment after surgery. The percentage of necrosis on the flaps was calculated and histopathological examination of the tissue samples was made on day 7. Results: The mean percentage of necrosis was 44.7%, 42.5% and 21.8% group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The percentage of necrosis was statistically significantly lower in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001 and p<0.00, respectively). Neutrophil score was found to be significantly lower in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2 (p=0.002 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusions: Necrosis of skin flaps was decreased through application of Q. coccifera extracts

Three new secondary metabolites kermesoside (1), cocciferoside (2) and (-)-8-chlorocatechin (3), were isolated from the the stems with barks of Quercus coccifera along with five known phenolic compounds, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (4) and 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (5), trans-resveratrol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (6) lyoniresinol-9-O-β-xylopyranoside (7), lyoniresinol-9-O-β-glucopyranoside (8). The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was performed by spectroscopic methods (UV, 1D- and 2D- NMR and HR-MS).

A new sesquiterpenoid named germacradiene-6 -O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside (1) and a new flavonol glycoside named rhamnetin-3-O-(2''-O- β-D-glucopyranosyl)- β-D-galactopyranoside (2), along with three known sesquiterpenoids dictamnol (3), radicol (4), germacradiene glucoside (5); three phenylpropanoids 4-methoxy-2-(3-methyloxiranyl)-phenyl 2-methylbutanoate (6), 4-methoxy-2-(3-methyloxiranyl)-phenyl angelate (7), thellungianin E (8); and a flavonol glycoside platanoside (9) were isolated from the aerial parts of Pimpinella tragium Vill . subsp. lithophila (Schischkin) Tutin. Their structures were elucidated by detailed analyses of 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR and HR-ESI-MS data.

Polydatin (PLD), the 3- O - β -glucopyranoside of the well-known stilbenoid compound resveratrol, is a major compound of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) R. Decr. (Japanese knotweed), which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat infection, inflammatory diseases and circulatory problems. It has shown a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and immunostimulatory effects. Although resveratrol has similar beneficial effects, its low bioavailability has remained a problem. Glycosylation increases solubility of resveratrol in an aqueous environment, thus improving its bioavailability. This has led to a growing interest in PLD. Promising results obtained from bioactivity studies have boosted an intense research on this compound. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the botanical sources, pharmacology, biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and bioactivities of PLD, and to discuss clinical studies on this compound.

In this study, Ginkgo biloba products used for the same purpose, but licensed to varying authorities were analyzed in point of similarity to each other. A group of these products were licensed from health authorities as herbal medicinal product (HMP), while the other groups of products were licensed as the food supplement (FS). The evaluation of their phytoequivalence was carried out comparing the chromatographic fingerprint profiles. Furthermore, ginkgolides (ginkgolides GA, GB, GC, and GJ) and flavonoid aglycones (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) were quantitatively analyzed by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and HPLC-diode Array detector (HPLC-DAD) assays. All six herbal medicinal products and two food supplements were found to be phytoequivalent to each other, but five of the seven food supplements did not possess similar content as herbal medicinal products, and the quantity of ginkgolides and flavonoid aglycones per tablet/capsule was found to be lower than declared on the labels. In addition, food supplements were found to be adultered with rutin to reach expected total flavonoid glycosides amount.

A rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with a Photo Diode Array (PDA) detector is developed for the simultaneous analysis of seven kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin derivatives along with an acylated flavonoid glycoside; trans-tiliroside from different Cistus species. In this study, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the methanolic extracts of three Cistus species (C. creticus L., C. laurifolius L. and C. salviifolius L.) growing in Anatolia in terms of characterization of flavonoid compounds were performed by RP-HPLC for the first time. Trans-tiliroside, a mono-coumaroyl kaempferol glucoside was found to be the most abundant flavonoid in C. salviifolius (0.276±0.003 g/100 gextract) and C. creticus (0.253±0.001 g/100 gextract) while hyperin (0.149±0.004 g/100 gextract) and myricetin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside (0.139±0.006 g/100 gextract) were found to be the most intense flavonoids in C. laurifolius samples. The described HPLC method appears suitable for the determination of the Cistus flavonols and their glycosides and can be considered as an effective and alternative procedure for the identification and quantification of this important class of biologically active compounds.