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Premixed calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) and fast-set CSCs were developed for the convenience of retrograde filling during endodontic microsurgery. The aim of this study was to analyze the biocompatible properties and mineralization potential of premixed CSCs, such as Endocem MTA Premixed (EM Premixed) and EndoSequence BC RRM putty (EndoSequence), and fast-set RetroMTA on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) compared to ProRoot MTA. Using CCK-8, a significantly higher proliferation of BMSCs occurred only in the EM Premixed group on days 2 and 4 (p < 0.05). On day 6, the ProRoot MTA group had significantly higher cell proliferation than the control group (p < 0.05). Regardless of the experimental materials, all groups had complete cell migration by day 4. Alizarin Red-S staining and alkaline phosphatase assay demonstrated higher mineralization potential of all CSCs similar to ProRoot MTA (p < 0.05). The EndoSequence group showed more upregulation of SMAD1 and OSX gene expression than the other experimental groups (p < 0.05), and all experimental cements upregulated osteogenic gene expression more than the control group (p < 0.05). Therefore, using premixed CSCs and fast-set CSCs as retrograde filling cements may facilitate satisfactory biological responses and comparable osteogenic potential to ProRoot MTA.

We compared calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials to conventional calcium hydroxide in terms of their biological properties and potential effects on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). We cultured hDPSCs on disks (7-mm diameter, 4-mm high) of ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), Biodentine (Septodont), TheraCal LC (Bisco), or Dycal (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties). Cell viability was assessed with cell counting (CCK) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Odontogenic activity was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression (quantitative real-time PCR). CCK assays showed that Dycal reduced cell viability compared to the other materials (p < 0.05). SEM showed low and absent cell attachment on TheraCal LC and Dycal disks, respectively. hDPSCs exposed to TheraCal LC and Dycal showed higher ALP activity on day 6 than the control group (p < 0.05). The day-9 Runx2 expression was higher in the ProRoot MTA and TheraCal LC groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). On day 14, the ProRoot MTA group showed the highest dentin sialophosphoprotein levels (not significant; p > 0.05). In conclusion, various pulp capping materials, except Dycal, exhibited biological properties favorable to hDPSC viability. ProRoot MTA and TheraCal LC promoted higher Runx2 expression than Biodentine. Future studies should explore the odontogenic potential of pulp capping materials.