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Achieving a change towards the sustainable use and management of pesticides requires a multiple perspective approach that combines traditional knowledge, experience of different local stakeholders, scientific expertise, and context-specific data to provide useful and understandable information for the target farmers. In this paper, the incorporation of the information on environmental and social dimensions into a “science-based” pesticide management practice is presented as an example of a replicable multidisciplinary approach. This approach depicts the importance of the context-specific scenario analysis and of the involvement of farmers starting from their practices and their knowledge. A diverse range of engagement initiatives have been adopted to consult, inform, and involve the community. Tools as target guidelines of good practices, self-evaluation checklists, and a user-friendly indicator that considers social, environmental, and territorial parameters of the specific area, gained a lot of interest and trust and have proven to be useful in disseminating the methodology of environmental risk assessment to farmers, supporting and assisting them in the comparison of different phytosanitary strategies at farm scale to identify weaknesses in their current pesticide management at farm level and to find corresponding corrective actions. The experience also highlighted the importance of the role of properly trained and informed advisors.

This study critically analyses the main narratives surrounding the Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the Lagoon of Venice. We used a mixed‐method approach, performing a qualitative discourse analysis on a sample of 68 textual sources to identify the narratives across two sectors in the management of the case study: media and politics, and scientific research. The texts were organized into a database of short sequences of words. Each sequence was assigned to a specific category and subcategory. The database was then quantitatively analysed using distribution and word count analyses. Four master narratives were identified and then discussed in the context of existing critical literature: ‘We have transformed the threat of blue crabs into an opportunity’; ‘We are at war against the blue crab’; ‘Consumption is a solution’; ‘The blue crab is a product’. The study revealed three pivotal findings: in the media and politics discourse, the militarization of language is still prevalent; the scientific debate stresses the importance of efficient exploitation and marketing as the main solution to manage the blue crab; both scientific and public debate use specific words and rhetorical tactics to transform blue crabs into commodities. We finally provide four recommendations for relevant professionals in the field of invasive alien species management. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Sommario Questo studio analizza criticamente le principali narrazioni relative al granchio blu dell'Atlantico (Callinectes sapidus) nella Laguna di Venezia. Abbiamo utilizzato un approccio metodologico quantitativo e qualitativo. Abbiamo utilizzato un'analisi qualitativa del discorso su un campione di 68 fonti testuali per identificare le narrazioni in due settori chiave per il caso di studio: il dibattito pubblico e politico, e la ricerca scientifica. I testi sono stati organizzati in un database di unità sintattiche. A ciascuna sequenza è stata assegnata una categoria e una sottocategoria specifiche. Il database è stato quindi analizzato quantitativamente utilizzando un'analisi di distribuzione e un conteggio delle parole per categorie e sottocategorie. Sono state identificate quattro narrazioni principali, che sono state poi discusse nel contesto della letteratura critica esistente: “Abbiamo trasformato la minaccia del granchio blu in un'opportunità”; “Siamo in guerra contro il granchio blu”; “Il consumo è una soluzione”; “Il granchio blu è un prodotto”. Lo studio ha rivelato tre risultati fondamentali: nel discorso pubblico e politico, la militarizzazione del linguaggio è ancora prevalente; il dibattito scientifico sottolinea l'importanza di uno sfruttamento e di una commercializzazione efficienti come soluzione principale per la gestione del granchio blu; sia il dibattito scientifico che quello pubblico utilizzano parole specifiche e strumenti retorici per trasformare il granchio blu in una merce. Alla luce dei risultati, lo studio fornisce quattro raccomandazioni per i professionisti del settore della gestione delle specie aliene invasive. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

In the last decades, citizen science (CS) has experienced an increasing interest as a practice in which scientists and citizens collaborate to produce new knowledge for science, society and policy. Environmental and ecological sciences are among the most active in proposing CS activities and new models for citizen participation in research. In addition to environmental dimensions, these fields necessarily include social and cultural dimensions to confront the complex local and global environmental challenges. This is particularly evident in the International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) network, where the integration of social sciences has become a recognized priority. ILTER offers a valuable landscape to explore common CS features across a wide range of different cultural and socio-ecological contexts, as well as worldviews of science-society interactions. In 2020, we surveyed scientists working at ILTER sites across the globe to identify key features of CS initiatives in which they are/were involved and the levels of participation of the volunteers. We consider these features in the context of the internationally-developed “Ten Principles of Citizen Science” by examining scientific outcomes and societal/policy impact, type of volunteers’ involvement, and sharing of data/findings and feedbacks and acknowledging volunteers. Our results indicate that the ILTER community demonstrated a good predisposition toward environmentally-focused CS initiatives with diverse scientific questions including biodiversity, water quality, ecosystem services and climate change. Most of the respondents reported that the volunteers were involved mainly in collecting samples or recording data; some other activities, such as dissemination of the project conclusions and discussion and translation of the results into action, were also mentioned. Volunteers were usually trained for these initiatives and acknowledged in peer-reviewed publication, however data from the initiatives were only partially shared openly. We conclude with remarks and suggestions for expanding design and implementation of CS in the ILTER community.

A profound transformation, in recent decades, is promoting shifts in the ways ecological science is produced and shared; as such, ecologists are increasingly encouraged to engage in dialogues with multiple stakeholders and in transdisciplinary research. Among the different forms of public engagement, citizen science (CS) has significant potential to support science-society interactions with mutual benefits. While many studies have focused on the experience and motivations of CS volunteers, scarce literature investigating the perspectives of researchers is available. The main purpose of this paper is to better understand scientists’ attitudes about CS in the context of its potential to support outcomes that extent beyond more traditional ones focused on promoting science knowledge and interest. We surveyed the scientific community belonging to the International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) network because ILTER is of interest to multiple stakeholders and occurs over long time scales. Via an online questionnaire, we asked ILTER scientists about their willingness to participate in different types of public engagement, their reasons for participating in CS, the associated barriers, and any impacts of these efforts on them. Our findings show that many ILTER scientists are open to participating in CS for a wide range of reasons; the dominant ones involve deeper public engagement and collaboration. The barriers of greatest concern of these respondents were the lack of institutional support to start and run a CS project and the difficulty of establishing long-term stable relationships with the public. They reported impacts of CS activities on how they pursue their work and acknowledged the benefit of opportunities to learn from the public. The emerging picture from this research is of a community willing and actively involved in many CS projects for both traditional reasons, such as data gathering and public education, and expanded reasons that activate a real two-way cooperation with the public. In the ILTER community, CS may thus become an opportunity to promote and develop partnerships with citizens, helping to advance the science-society interface and to rediscover and enhance the human and social dimension of the scientific work.

Approaches that are transdisciplinary and participatory can help to address complex socio-ecological issues by integrating multiple disciplinary perspectives while taking into account the different needs and experiences of community members and other stakeholders. Despite this promise, such approaches are rarely applied within the scientific community, as researchers and public actors often lack the training, practice and reference cases required to handle the working relationships and translations of terminology, ideas and values across multiple bodies of knowledge. A case study described in this manuscript depicts a group of researchers, artists and citizens consciously engaged in the construction of a transdisciplinary process as part of a 40-day ‘citizen science’ experiment focussed on assessing soil fertility in the urban area of Milan, Italy. The group drew from recognised scientific approaches, applied agronomic methodologies, artistic practices and technological tools, integrating them into a hybrid process of collective and participatory inquiry. As a quantitative outcome of the experiment, a dataset of bio-chemical parameters was generated, which was enriched by agronomic interpretations but also by artistic and reflective materials. Importantly, the process developed transdisciplinary and participatory skills, as it created a potentially replicable procedure of engagement, analysis and presentation for use in other citizen science settings. This article presents the context, the multiple objectives of the research and the applied approach and its timeline. Described in detail are the process of designing and conducting the experiment by involving an extended research community—including both junior and senior researchers—in progressive steps. Quantitative and qualitative results are provided. The findings are meant to contribute case material and methods to inform the advancement of transdisciplinary research approaches within the scientific community as well as examples of ways to transcend the boundaries of science to include artists and community stakeholders. The aspiration is to inform and inspire concrete application of transdisciplinary and participatory methods in concert to address complex socio-environmental challenges.

Lockdown measures adopted in Italy to contain the diffusion of Covid-19 altered many variables influencing the anthropogenic pressure on marine ecosystems. Public reactions included surprise at how quickly changes in human activity seemingly improved natural recovery and, at the same time, a generalized anxiety to restart economic activities. In this situation several Institutions from the Italian National Research Council (CNR) made a joint effort to quantify the effects of the unprecedented experimental conditions induced by the reduction of many anthropogenic pressures. The resulting project was conceived with a holistic, interdisciplinary approach, geared to combine scientific, economic and cultural observations to promote collective actions suitable to the governance of socio-ecological systems, reconciling respect for the environment with human activities and wellbeing, and thus grounding an ethical approach to marine resources. Alongside collecting considerable amount of scientific observations, the project is working to complement samplings and analyses with the non-formal knowledge carried by the inhabitants of a set of coastal zones, thus enriching the generated knowledge and widening inclusion and pluralism in defining the challenges at stake; simultaneously it focuses on stimulating a reflection in the research community over the process of knowledge co-construction, its meaning, role and responsibility in the societal context. After a brief contextualization of this activity, we present here the perspective adopted by researchers to build a responsible marine research plan, inclusive on the grounds of both involved actors and knowledge sources. We comment the process- and community-related features, explore limits and opportunities, and propose a set of recommendations, based on a preliminary review of our experience and oriented to promote the development of a shared Ocean ethics.

Actions addressing youths and marine science for “ambassadorship” are increasingly implemented via dedicated programs at the European and global level within the relevant policy frameworks, as a way for fostering the exchange of knowledge and cross-fertilizing practices among the Countries and basins. These programs are conceived to address the future generations of scientists, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and citizens, and to promote the awareness and shared responsibility on the sustainable use of marine resources in an authentic and credible way, through the empowerment of young researchers and professionals, communicators, or activists. Thus, such ambassadors are well-positioned to act as agents of change, improving the dimension of Ocean Ethics related to inclusive governance, especially necessary for an equal, just, and sustainable management of multi-actor and transboundary socio-environmental contexts. Pivoting on the Young Ambassadors' Program developed in the framework of the BlueMed Research and Innovation (R&I) Initiative for blue jobs and growth in the Mediterranean area as case practice, the article aimed to propose some reflections about the long-term perspective of such experiences. Outlining an emerging physiognomy of the “One Ocean Ambassadors,” it discusses their potential to build the next generation of responsible scientists, citizens, and decision-makers and to embed ethical principles in research-based marine governance. In addition, it addresses process-related elements, such as balancing advocacy and ethics and reflecting on the role of science communication. To further consolidate this practice, this article finally seeks to incorporate the intercultural aspects to connect the local to the global dimension toward a sustainable and value-based ocean governance.

(English) More than a decade after the publication of the Science and Society report by the House of Lords, which introduced concepts such as dialogue and public engagement that significantly contributed to change theories and practices of science communication, it seemed reasonable to take some time to reflect on the patterns of science communication that characterize the relation between scientists and member of the public. With this paper we would like to report the results of a survey circulated amongst a sample of Italian physicists who were asked to reflect on their relation with members of the public in light of their personal experiences and practices of communication. As it emerges from the pages that follow the respondents communicate science in many different ways that are not enclosed in fixed models of science communication circulated amongst academics, and on the contrary include a multiplicity of activities, opinions and forms of communication. (Italiano) Un decennio dopo la pubblicazione del rapporto Scienza e Società da parte della House of Lords inglese, con il quale sono stati introdotti i concetti di dialogo e public engagement che hanno contribuito significativamente a modificare teorie e pratiche di comunicazione della scienza, ci sembra opportuno provare a riflettere sulle modalità con cui gli scienziati si rapportano con il pubblico. Con questo paper vogliamo quindi riportare i risultati ottenuti da un sondaggio postale online sottoposto a un campione di ricercatori impegnati nel campo della fisica cui è stato chiesto di riflettere sul rapporto tra scienza e pubblico anche alla luce delle loro personali esperienze e pratiche di comunicazione della scienza. Come si evince dalle pagine che seguono, le modalità con cui i nostri intervistati comunicano la scienza non possono essere racchiuse in modelli fissi e prestabiliti, e sono caratterizzata da una multiciplita di attività, opinioni e forme.