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Considering the communication data, insufficient information leads to fuzzy time series cycle length, making it impossible to accurately capture real cycle change patterns or recognize new ones. In this regard, we investigate an incremental mining method for cycle patterns in insufficient-information communication data based on fuzzy time series segmentation. This method downgrades the insufficient information communication data to address uneven length issues. Utilizing the improved Gath-Geva algorithm, the downgraded data is partitioned into different periodic time series data via fuzzy clustering. Subsequently, the partial weekly incremental pattern mining algorithm with a moving window scans the segmented data, extracting new periodic patterns using the maximum sub-pattern pandering tree algorithm. After scanning the different cycle time series data obtained from the segmented communication data, we employ the incremental mining algorithm to mine frequent cycle patterns and update incremental pattern information. The experimental results show that in terms of data dimensionality reduction, the time series of communication data with insufficient original high-dimensional information is downgraded to within 0.4 times of the original dimensionality, indicating that the proposed method successfully compresses the original high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional space, effectively reducing the computational complexity and improving the data processing speed. Moreover, the number of periodical pattern segments of communication data mined from the data is consistent, verifying the the method’s stability. The proposed method can accurately identify periodic patterns and effectively discover new patterns for communication data with different source and destination IP addresses.

Polymeric adhesives are critical in many applications, from daily life to implantable devices and soft robotics. Monitoring adhesion in a real-time and convenient manner before premature failure is essential yet challenging. Herein, we present structurally-colored adhesives for sensitive, high-resolution, and non-invasive adhesion self-monitoring via distinct color change for detecting subtle deformation and debonding. The structurally-colored adhesives are designed by integrating one-dimensional photonic nanochains into exemplified acrylate-copolymer-based adhesives and demonstrate distinct color-changing capability through a unique tilting mechanism of nanochains under shear. Our structurally-colored adhesives can be customized as pressure-sensitive and structural adhesives, exhibiting ultrafast response (<60 ms), high sensitivity, and high resolution (~120 μm). Moreover, predicting adhesion states and premature failure can be achieved assisted by imaging systems and machine learning algorithms with an average accuracy of up to 97.2%. Our structurally-colored adhesives are expected to offer a practical paradigm for structural health monitoring in the Internet of Things era. The authors demonstrate structurally colored adhesives, where shear induces color change through tilting of photonic nanochains, allowing for easy monitoring of adhesion state.

Consolidating carbon sink capacity and reducing carbon pressure are important channels to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals actively yet prudently. In order to study the current situation of carbon pressure in the Northwestern Sichuan, we took the carbon pressure of the Aba Tibetan-Qiang autonomous prefecture(Aba prefecture) as an example and used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) approach to measure the carbon emissions, carbon uptake, and the carbon balance index(CBI) of each county-level city in Aba prefecture from 2012 to 2020. The study found that:(a) There was a continuous trend of declining carbon emissions, increased carbon uptake, and decreased CBI in Aba prefecture during the sample period, but there is a large variability among county-level cities;(b) Aba prefecture differs in the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon emissions, carbon uptake, and CBI. Based on the research results, we propose several optimized paths for alleviating the current carbon pressure situation in the Northwestern Sichuan.

Based on the panel data of 118 countries from 2013 to 2024, this paper uses the tsQCA method to explore the synergistic effect of various factors of innovation input on innovation output capacity, and reveals multiple paths to improve national innovation output. The results show that there are four ways to improve the output of high innovation, which can be summarized into two models: “Institution + Human Capital and Research + Business Maturity” and “Infrastructure + Market Maturity + Business Maturity”, among which business maturity is an indispensable core factor for countries to improve their innovation output capacity. In the time dimension, the consistency level of the four high-innovation output configuration pathways in 2019–2020 was low. In the spatial dimension, there are obvious regional differences in innovation output among countries. Among them, there is a considerable gap in innovation output capacity in Africa compared with other regions; Influenced by the process of economic transformation and the pace of institutional improvement, the level of innovation output in Eastern Europe lies between that of Europe and America on one hand and Central and South Asia on the other; Central and South Asia has formed a gradient gap with Europe and America as a whole due to insufficient infrastructure and limited market maturity.

Rural dwellings in Northwest China are typically self-built, lack energy-saving measures, and suffer from high energy consumption and poor thermal performance. Retrofitting building envelopes is a key strategy to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. However, most existing studies focus on single-factor retrofits and single-objective evaluations, limiting their comprehensiveness and practical application. This study addresses these gaps by investigating single- and multi-factor retrofit scenarios for a typical rural house in Dingxi City of Northwest China. Using orthogonal experiments and DeST-h simulations, optimal combinations of envelope elements were identified, and the entropy method was applied to evaluate energy savings, incremental costs, cost-effectiveness, payback periods, and carbon-emission reductions. The results of the case show that exterior wall insulation is the most effective single-factor retrofit, achieving energy-saving rates of 45.79–48.46%, while roof insulation and additional sunspaces yield over 20% energy savings. Multi-factor retrofits significantly outperform single-factor schemes, with energy-saving rates ranging from 46.84 to 70.47%. The optimal retrofit solution includes 70 mm EPS boards for exterior walls, 80 mm XPS boards for roof thermal insulation, a window-to-wall ratio of 20%, broken-bridge aluminum hollow windows (6 + 12A + 6), and insulated glass for the sunspace. This study contributes to integrating energy, economic, and environmental dimensions, addressing the limitations of previous single-objective methods by developing a comprehensive evaluation framework. It also provides region-specific retrofit solutions tailored for the climatic and socioeconomic conditions of Dingxi City in Northwest China. These findings offer practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners to enhance energy efficiency and promote sustainable rural housing development.

Hawthorn wine is rich in anthocyanins, polyphenols, flavonoids and other macromolecular substances, which results in difficulty to rapidly determine organic acids in the wine. An enzymatic method is accurate but expensive and not able to quantify all of the organic acids simultaneously. Therefore, in this study, two HPLC methods were applied to quantify the organic acids in the wine with the enzymatic method as a reference. Seven organic acids were found with the enzymatic method including citric, succinic, l-malic, acetic, lactic, pyruvic, and fumaric acids, in which citric and succinic acid accounted for more than 80% of the total acids. By an 87H column equipped with DAD (diode array) detector at 215 nm (HPLC method 1), only citric and lactic acids were quantified accurately and the elution period was shortened from 100 min to 20 min by removing the impurity in the sample with a LC-18 SPE(solid-phase extraction) tube. While citric, succinic, l-malic, acetic, pyruvic, and fumaric acids were quantified reliably by a dC18 column equipped with DAD detector at 210 nm (HPLC method 2), with the sample requires only dilution and filtration before injection. It was suggested that HPLC method 2 was an effective method to quantify the organic acids in hawthorn wine. The method provides a choice for accurate quantification of organic acids in hawthorn wine or other drinks, and would be helpful for controlling the quality of hawthorn wine.

During the COVID-19 epidemic, national innovation faced the challenges of high-risk research and development and intensified trade competition. How to allocate resources reasonably to promote national innovation has become a problem that must be solved. Based on the global innovation index (GII) framework, this study analyzes the influence of national innovation input elements (such as human capital resources, infrastructure, business maturity, etc.) on innovation output from the perspective of configuration, combining with the necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy set/qualitative comparative analysis (FSQCA). The research results show that:(1) A single innovation input constitutes the necessary condition and serves as a bottleneck for high innovation output;(2) ITT, HCR, IFT, MS and BS are all “multiple concurrent” and form different configurations, namely, two high-innovation and four nonhigh innovation configurations, that drive national innovation governance is characterized by “different roads leading to the same goals.” (3) As innovation is limited by the income levels of various countries, there are obvious differences in innovation drive paths between high- and low-income countries. Moreover, the configuration of asymmetric relationships with low-innovation output that occurs in high-income countries has unique characteristics. In this study, the influence of the coupling of national innovation input elements on innovation output is explored.

Structurally colored composite films, composed of orderly arranged colloids in polymeric matrix, are emerging flexible optical materials, but their production is bottlenecked by time-consuming procedures and limited material choices. Here, we present a mild approach to producing large-scale structurally colored composite films by shearing supramolecular composites composed of polymers and colloids with supramolecular interactions. Leveraging dynamic connection and dissociation of supramolecular interactions, shearing force stretches the polymer chains and drags colloids to migrate directionally within the polymeric matrix with reduced viscous resistance. We show that meter-scale structurally colored composite films with iridescence color can be produced within several minutes at room temperature. Significantly, the tunability and diversity of supramolecular interactions allow this shearing approach extendable to various commonly-used polymers. This study overcomes the traditional material limitations of manufacturing structurally colored composite films by shearing method and opens an avenue for mildly producing ordered composites with commonly-available materials via supramolecular strategies. Structurally coloured composite films are flexible optical materials with potential in a range of applications, but their production is impacted by long time-frames and limited materials. Here, the authors report a method for the production of large scale films by shearing supramolecular composites.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici ( Bgt ), is one of the most destructive diseases that pose a great threat to wheat production. Wheat landraces represent a rich source of powdery mildew resistance. Here, we report the map-based cloning of powdery mildew resistance gene Pm24 from Chinese wheat landrace Hulutou. It encodes a tandem kinase protein (TKP) with putative kinase-pseudokinase domains, designated WHEAT TANDEM KINASE 3 (WTK3). The resistance function of Pm24 was validated by transgenic assay, independent mutants, and allelic association analyses. Haplotype analysis revealed that a rare 6-bp natural deletion of lysine-glycine codons, endemic to wheat landraces of Shaanxi Province, China, in the kinase I domain (Kin I) of WTK3 is critical for the resistance function. Transgenic assay of WTK3 chimeric variants revealed that only the specific two amino acid deletion, rather than any of the single or more amino acid deletions, in the Kin I of WTK3 is responsible for gaining the resistance function of WTK3 against the Bgt fungus. Powdery mildew is a major threat to world wheat yields. Here the authors describe the map-based cloning of Pm24 , a gain-of-function powdery mildew resistance allele that encodes a tandem kinase-pseudokinase protein with a deletion in a kinase domain that is endemic to certain wheat landraces.

The popularity of online shopping in China has increased significantly, creating new development opportunities for the express delivery industry. However, the rapid expansion of the express industry has also created challenges in the parcel sorting process. The demanding nature of parcel sorting work, which is characterized by intense and prolonged repetitive tasks, makes individuals particularly vulnerable to the effects of fatigue. Fatigue is a complex condition that encompasses both physiological and psychological exhaustion. It often results in reduced energy levels and diminished functionality, significantly impacting an individual’s performance at work and their overall well-being. This study aimed to investigate how physiological and psychological fatigue affects sorting efficiency and to identify appropriate rest periods that will allow employees to maintain their performance levels. The research involved fifteen participants who took part in a 60 min continuous sorting experiment and a similar experiment with scheduled breaks. During both trials, we collected data on participants’ electromyography (EMG) and electrodermal activity (EDA), as well as subjective fatigue ratings (RPE). Signal features such as the median frequency (MF) of EMG and the skin conductance level (SCL) were analyzed to assess physiological and psychological fatigue, respectively. The results show that physiological fatigue mainly affects sorting efficiency in the first 30 min, while psychological fatigue becomes more influential in the following half-hour period. In addition, subjective fatigue levels during the first 30 min are primarily determined by psychological factors, while beyond that point, both physiological and psychological fatigue contribute to subjective fatigue. Rest periods of 415–460 s, based on EDA recovery times, effectively support sorting efficiency and participants’ recovery. This study highlights the complex ways in which fatigue affects parcel sorting performance and provides valuable theoretical and practical insights for establishing labor quotas and optimizing work schedules in the parcel sorting industry.