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Jacques Dubochet, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Joachim Frank, Columbia University, New York, and Richard Henderson, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, \"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution,\" according to Nobelprize.org. John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka, \"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules,\" and Kurt Wüthrich, for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.\" Kary B. Mullis, \"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method,\" and Michael Smith, \"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies.\" Aaron Klug, \"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.\"

According to Alfred Nobel's will, the Nobel Prize in Physics was to go to \"the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics.\" According to the Nobel Foundation: \"Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter. David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, \"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.\" Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor, \"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.\"

Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of autophagy, or \"self-eating,\" in yeast cells, revealing that human cells also partake in this odd cellular process, which has also been linked to diseases. 2015: Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies, \"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells.\" Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston, \"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.\" Roger W. Sperry, \"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres\" and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel, \"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.\"