Explore the vast range of titles available.

Malnutrition and sarcopenia are highly prevalent and robustly associated with reduced quality of life, disease progression, and poor outcomes, including complications and mortality, in patients with cirrhosis. Their pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving inadequate dietary intake and malabsorption, impaired liver functional reserves, altered energy, protein, and ammonia metabolism, systemic inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, and lifestyle or environmental influences. Despite extensive research, unresolved issues remain regarding optimal diagnostic criteria, as current approaches vary and lack global standardization. Regarding the diagnostic criteria for malnutrition, the usefulness of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria has been proposed by international nutrition societies. However, evidence supporting their applicability in hepatology remains insufficient. For sarcopenia, differences in disease concept and diagnostic methods among societies indicate that no unified diagnostic standard exists, and clinicians should approach diagnosis with an understanding of the strengths and limitations of each method. Nutritional strategies emphasize adequate energy and protein intake, late evening snacks, and branched-chain amino acid supplementation, while deficiencies in micronutrients require tailored replacement. Nutritional therapy alone has limited effect on sarcopenia, but when combined with exercise it improves muscle mass, physical performance, and outcomes. Comprehensive approaches integrating optimized nutrition, micronutrient support, and structured exercise are essential to alleviate the burden of malnutrition and sarcopenia and to improve prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. This review addresses malnutrition and sarcopenia in cirrhosis by highlighting their prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical impact, and approaches for screening and diagnosis, and by emphasizing personalized nutritional, pharmacological, and exercise interventions to improve patient outcomes. KCI Citation Count: 0

ISG15 is an interferon-stimulated, ubiquitin-like protein, with anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity. Here, we map the endogenous in vivo ISGylome in the liver following Listeria mono-cytogenes infection by combining murine models of reduced or enhanced ISGylation with quantitative proteomics. Our method identifies 930 ISG15 sites in 434 proteins and also detects changes in the host ubiquitylome. The ISGylated targets are enriched in proteins which alter cellular metabolic processes, including upstream modulators of the catabolic and antibacterial pathway of autophagy. Computational analysis of substrate structures reveals that a number of ISG15 modifications occur at catalytic sites or dimerization interfaces of enzymes. Finally, we demonstrate that animals and cells with enhanced ISGylation have increased basal and infection-induced autophagy through the modification of mTOR, WIPI2, AMBRA1, and RAB7. Taken together, these findings ascribe a role of ISGylation to temporally reprogram organismal metabolism following infection through direct modification of a subset of enzymes in the liver.

Worldwide, wheat Nitrogen (N) fertilization is often over-estimated, and rarely takes into account the actual dynamics of N nutrition during the growing season. It is well documented that uniform or high N fertilizer rates lead to low N use efficiency and environmental problems, resulting in low N recovery. Various site-specific approaches have been developed to better match N rates to the actual crop nutrient requirements. The current study presents an innovative approach to dynamic nitrogen fertilization, that integrates in-season monitoring of wheat N nutrition status, and fertilization decision rules to optimize nitrogen recovery and minimize N losses. This method was implemented and compared with the “balance-sheet” standard fertilization method, on 113 site*year, between 2018 and 2022, within an on-farm experimental network. The innovative approach resulted in similar wheat yield, protein content and partial margin than the standard method, while N rates were significantly reduced by 23 kg N ha −1 and N use efficiency improved by 6 points. In addition, this approach implies a significant change in farmers' practices and frame of reference, which in turn suggests further improvement in its effectiveness and appropriation.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee strength and competition performance in elite male ski mountaineering sprint athletes and to identify strength parameters that predict performance and contribute to injury prevention. Materials and Methods: Thirteen male athletes participating in the Ski Mountaineering Turkey Cup final stage were included. Isokinetic knee flexion (FLX) and extension (EXT) strength of dominant (DM) and non-dominant (NDM) legs were measured at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s using the DIERS-Myolin Isometric Muscle Strength Analysis System. Competition performance was evaluated using the ISMF scoring system. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 with Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses after normality, linearity, and homoscedasticity checks. Results: Strong positive correlations were found between hamstring strength at high angular velocities (180°/s) and performance (DM FLX: r = 0.809; NDM FLX: r = 0.880). Extension strength showed moderate correlations at low velocities (60°/s) (DM EXT: r = 0.677; NDM EXT: r = 0.699). Regression analysis revealed that DM FLX at 180°/s and DM EXT at 60°/s explained 49% of performance variance (Adj. R2 = 0.498). For NDM legs, only 180°/s FLX was a significant predictor (β = 1.468). Conclusions: High-velocity hamstring strength plays a critical role in ski mountaineering sprint performance, particularly during sudden directional changes and dynamic balance. Quadriceps strength at low velocities contributes to prolonged climbing phases. Moreover, identifying and addressing bilateral strength asymmetries may support injury prevention strategies in elite ski mountaineering athletes. These findings provide scientific support for designing training programs targeting explosive hamstring strength, bilateral symmetry, and injury risk reduction, essential for optimizing performance in the 2026 Winter Olympics sprint discipline.

We found that the proteome of apoptotic T cells includes prominent fragments of cellular proteins generated by caspases and that a high proportion of distinct T cell epitopes in these fragments is recognized by CD8 + T cells during HIV infection. The frequencies of effector CD8 + T cells that are specific for apoptosis-dependent epitopes correlate with the frequency of circulating apoptotic CD4 + T cells in HIV-1–infected individuals. We propose that these self-reactive effector CD8 + T cells may contribute to the systemic immune activation during chronic HIV infection. The caspase-dependent cleavage of proteins associated with apoptotic cells has a key role in the induction of self-reactive CD8 + T cell responses, as the caspase-cleaved fragments are efficiently targeted to the processing machinery and are cross-presented by dendritic cells. These findings demonstrate a previously undescribed role for caspases in immunopathology.

Objective: To assess the cost of adopting a plant-based diet.Methods: Breast cancer survivors randomized to dietary intervention (n=1109) or comparison (n1145) group; baseline and 12-month data on diet and grocery costs.Results: At baseline, both groups reported similar food costs and dietary intake. At 12 months, only the intervention group changed their diet (vegetable-fruit: 6.3 to 8.9 serv/d.; fiber: 21.6 to 29.8 g/d; fat: 28.2 to 22.3 of E). The intervention change was associated with a significant increase of 1.22/ person/week (multivariate model, P0.027).Conclusions: A major change to a plant-based diet was associated with a minimal increase in grocery costs.

The ingestion of beetroot juice (BJ) has been associated with improvements in physical performance in endurance sports, however the literature on resistance training (RT) is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of BJ compared to a placebo (PLA) on muscular endurance and movement concentric velocity during RT. Twelve healthy men performed an incremental RT test (back squat and bench press) with three sets, at 60%, 70%, and 80% of their repetition maximum (1-RM). Movement velocity variables, total number of repetitions performed until concentric failure, blood lactate, and ratings of perceived effort post-training were measured. A higher number of repetitions were recorded with BJ compared to those with PLA (13.8 ± 14.4; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.6). Differences were found at 60% 1-RM (9 ± 10; p < 0.05; ES = 0.61) and 70% 1-RM (3.1 ± 4.8; p < 0.05; ES = 0.49), however, no differences were found at 80% 1-RM (1.7 ± 1; p = 0.12; ES = 0.41). A greater number of repetitions was performed in back squat (13.4 ± 13; p < 0.01; ES = 0.77), but no differences were observed in bench press (0.4 ± 5.1; p = 0.785; ES = 0.03). No differences were found for the rest of the variables (p > 0.05). Acute supplementation of BJ improved muscular endurance performance in RT.

Alteration in the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) has been demonstrated in numerous renal diseases. We have demonstrated that renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTCs) surround themselves in vitro with HA in an organized pericellular matrix or ‘coat’, which is associated with cell migration, and also form pericellular HA cable-like structures which modulate PTC–mononuclear leukocytes interactions. The aim of this study was to characterize potential regulatory mechanism in the assembly of PTC-HA into pericellular cables. HA cables are generated by PTCs in the absence of serum. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates the incorporation of components of the inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) family of proteins and versican into HA cables. Addition of an antibody to IαI/PαI (pre-α-inhibitor) inhibits cable formation. In contrast, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) has no effect on cable formation, suggesting that their generation is independent of the known heavy-chain transfer activity of TSG-6. Overexpression of HAS3 is associated with induction of HA cable formation, and also increased incorporation of HA into pericellular coats. Functionally, this resulted in enhanced HA-dependent monocyte binding and cell migration, respectively. Cell surface expression of CD44 and trypsin-released cell-associated HA were increased in HAS3-overexpressing cells. In addition, hyaluronidase (hyal1 and hyal2) and bikunin mRNA expression were increased, whereas PαI HC3 mRNA expression was unchanged in the transfected cells. The data demonstrate the importance of IαI/PαI in cable formation and suggest that expression of HAS3 may be critical for HA cable assembly.

Background In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the medical school curriculum in the acquisition of the concept of one health by first and sixth year students of a medical school. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted by Çukurova University Departments of Public Health and Medical Education and Informatics with 309 first-year students and 315 sixth-year students studying at the Faculty of Medicine in the summer of 2024 and autumn of 2025. Students were reached using the convenience sampling method. The questionnaire consisted of items assessing whether students were familiar with the One Health concept, their definition of the concept, sources of information, issues related to the One Health approach (antimicrobial resistance, zoonotic diseases, vector-borne diseases, foodborne diseases, environmental problems, laboratory-related issues, and other problems), as well as factors that might influence awareness of the concept (such as having a family member working in human health, animal health, or environmental/food safety). In addition, the Global Climate Change Awareness Scale was included. The impact of the medical school curriculum on the One Health approach was also evaluated. Results The mean age of the students included in our study was 21.3 ± 3.44 years. Thirty per cent of the students stated that they had information about the concept of One Health. 16.5% of the students stated medical education as a source in the acquisition of the concept of One Health. It was found that the rate of those who defined the One Health approach correctly was higher in 6th grade students and the relationship between the grade level and the correct definition of the One Health approach was weak (Cramer’s V = 0.195). It was found that the rate of those who stated that they had knowledge in the dimensions of zoonotic diseases, vector-borne diseases, food-borne diseases, environmental problems was higher in sixth grade students, and there was no significant difference in the sub-dimensions of antimicrobial resistance and laboratory problems. When the effect of medical school education attributed to One Health and its sub-dimensions is analysed, it is 8.1 per 100 people for general One Health concept knowledge. The topics with the lowest attributed effectiveness were antimicrobial resistance (AE = 2.8) and laboratory problems (AE = 2.7), and the topics with the highest attributed effectiveness were vector-borne diseases (AE = 11.4) and zoonotic diseases (AE = 8.8). Conclusion In our study, it was concluded that the medical faculty curriculum is not sufficient for the acquisition of the concept of one health.

Beetroot juice (BJ) has been used as a sport supplement, improving performance in resistance training (RT). However, its effect on the modulation of the autonomic nervous system has not yet been widely studied. Therefore, the objective of this randomized double-blind crossover study was to assess the effect of acute BJ supplementation compared to placebo in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and internal load during RT measure as Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences between adjacent RR intervals Slope (RMSSD and RMSSD-Slope, respectively). Eleven men performed an incremental RT test (three sets at 60%, 70% and 80% of their repetition maximum) composed by back squat and bench press with. HR, HRV and RMSSD-Slope were measured during and post exercise. As the main results, RMSSD during exercise decrease in the BJ group compared to placebo (p = 0.023; ES = 0.999), there were no differences in RMSSD post-exercise, and there were differences in RMSSD-Slope between groups in favor of the BJ group (p = 0.025; ES = 1.104) with a lower internal load. In conclusion, BJ supplementation seems to be a valuable tool for the reduction in the internal load of exercise during RT measured as RMSSD-Slope while enhancing performance.