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High-dose (HD) IL-2 therapy in patients with cancer increases the general population of Tregs, which are positive for CD4, CD25, and the Treg-specific marker Foxp3. It is unknown whether specific subsets of Tregs are activated and expanded during HD IL-2 therapy or whether activation of any particular Treg subset correlates with clinical outcome. Here, we evaluated Treg population subsets that were induced in patients with melanoma following HD IL-2 therapy. We identified a Treg population that was positive for CD4, CD25, Foxp3, and the inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS). This Treg population increased more than any other lymphocyte subset during HD IL-2 therapy and had an activated Treg phenotype, as indicated by high levels of CD39, CD73, and TGF-β. ICOS(+) Tregs were the most proliferative lymphocyte population in the blood after IL-2 therapy. Patients with melanoma with enhanced expansion of ICOS(+) Tregs in blood following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy had worse clinical outcomes than patients with fewer ICOS(+) Tregs. However, there was no difference in total Treg expansion between HD IL-2 responders and nonresponders. These data suggest that increased expansion of the ICOS(+) Treg population following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy may be predictive of clinical outcome.

In this paper, the authors evaluated Treg population subsets that were induced in patients with melanoma following high-dose (HD) IL-2 therapy. They identified a Treg population that was positive for CD4, CD25, Foxp3, and the inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS). The Treg population increased more than any other lymphocyte subset during HD IL-2 therapy and had an activated Treg phenotype, as indicated by high levels of CD39, CD73, and TGF-β. ICOS^sup +^ Tregs were the most proliferative lymphocyte population in the blood after IL-2 therapy. Patients with melanoma with enhanced expansion of ICOS^sup +^ Tregs in blood following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy had worse clinical outcomes than patients with fewer ICOS^sup +^ Tregs. However, there was no difference in total Treg expansion between HD IL-2 responders and nonresponders. These data suggest that increased expansion of the ICOS^sup +^ Treg population following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy may be predictive of clinical outcome.

In this paper, the authors evaluated Treg population subsets that were induced in patients with melanoma following high-dose (HD) IL-2 therapy. They identified a Treg population that was positive for CD4, CD25, Foxp3, and the inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS). The Treg population increased more than any other lymphocyte subset during HD IL-2 therapy and had an activated Treg phenotype, as indicated by high levels of CD39, CD73, and TGF- beta . ICOS super( +) Tregs were the most proliferative lymphocyte population in the blood after IL-2 therapy. Patients with melanoma with enhanced expansion of ICOS super( +) Tregs in blood following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy had worse clinical outcomes than patients with fewer ICOS super( +) Tregs. However, there was no difference in total Treg expansion between HD IL-2 responders and nonresponders. These data suggest that increased expansion of the ICOS super( +) Treg population following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy may be predictive of clinical outcome.

High-dose (HD) IL-2 therapy in patients with cancer increases the general population of Tregs, which are positive for CD4, CD25, and the Treg-specific marker Foxp3. It is unknown whether specific subsets of Tregs are activated and expanded during HD IL-2 therapy or whether activation of any particular Treg subset correlates with clinical outcome. Here, we evaluated Treg population subsets that were induced in patients with melanoma following HD IL-2 therapy. We identified a Treg population that was positive for CD4, CD25, Foxp3, and the inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS). This Treg population increased more than any other lymphocyte subset during HD IL-2 therapy and had an activated Treg phenotype, as indicated by high levels of CD39, CD73, and TGF-β. [ICOS.sup.+] Tregs were the most proliferative lymphocyte population in the blood after IL-2 therapy. Patients with melanoma with enhanced expansion of [ICOS.sup.+] Tregs in blood following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy had worse clinical outcomes than patients with fewer [ICOS.sup.+] Tregs. However, there was no difference in total Treg expansion between HD IL-2 responders and nonresponders. These data suggest that increased expansion of the [ICOS.sup.+] Treg population following the first cycle of HD IL-2 therapy may be predictive of clinical outcome.

This study was a qualitative investigation exploring the perceptions of early and late elementary school teachers regarding the quality of their relationships with students at risk for poor school outcomes and the importance of this relationship to the school success of these children. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews and narrative observations; emergent themes from the data were established through coding and analysis. This study was conducted in order to obtain a rich understanding of the nature and impact of the teacher-student relationship among the target population. Teachers reported that they did view this relationship as having an influence on their students' school success. Other findings related to teachers' general perceptions of their relationships with students, developmental differences, links to the theoretical framework, teacher strategies and attributions, and teachers' perceptions of risk and resilience factors affecting their students were discussed, as well.

[Ira Wolfman] is so excited with the discoveries he made about his own genealogy that he recently published a guide, \"Do People Grow on Family Trees?\" (Workman, $9.95). In this guide for kids and other beginners, he applies his curiosity and determination as Ira Wolfman, F.I. (family investigator), and his professional expertise as Ira Wolfman, editor-in-chief of Sesame Street magazine. Wolfman considers genealogy \"a big puzzle\" that should intrigue both kids and adults. As they puzzle over what family members were like or where they came from, they have a chance to have interesting conversations with grandparents and other relatives. For the more serious genealogist, Wolfman's book contains a \"working genealogist's kit,\" including a dictionary of American last names, pedigree chart, family group sheet, correspondence log, where to write for birth and death records, a guide to the National Archives' regional system and a Freedom of Information-Privacy Act request form.

Bringing up baby is tougher than you'd ever imagine. But the love and excitement of being a new parent can shine through even the most persistent siege of sleepless nights, harried schedules and messy diapers. The diaper company's non-scientific survey's statistical findings about the joys and stresses of parenthood are hardly startling, but it's the touching nature of the written responses that makes the 28-page report such fascinating reading. The number of written comments took the diaper service by surprise, officials said, noting that the big response means the survey touched on a subject triggering strong feelings. Less than 1 in 10 said that being a parent has turned out to be easier than they had expected. The rest were nearly evenly split: About half thought being a parent was tougher, and about half found parenthood to be about what they expected. However, even parents who seemed to know what they were getting themselves into admitted that coping with the physical and emotional reality of becoming parents was tougher than they could ever have imagined.

Bringing up baby is tougher than you'd ever imagine. But the love and excitement of being a new parent can shine through even the most persistent siege of sleepless nights, harried schedules and messy diapers.