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The SHiP experiment is designed to search for very weakly interacting particles beyond the Standard Model which are produced in a 400 GeV/c proton beam dump at the CERN SPS. An essential task for the experiment is to keep the Standard Model background level to less than 0.1 event after \\(2 10^20\\) protons on target. In the beam dump, around \\(10^11\\) muons will be produced per second. The muon rate in the spectrometer has to be reduced by at least four orders of magnitude to avoid muon-induced combinatorial background. A novel active muon shield is used to magnetically deflect the muons out of the acceptance of the spectrometer. This paper describes the basic principle of such a shield, its optimization and its performance.

We present an up-to-date profile of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix with emphasis on the interpretation of recent CP-violation results from the B factories. For this purpose, we review all relevant experimental and theoretical inputs from the contributing domains of electroweak interaction. We give the “standard” determination of the apex of the Unitarity Triangle, namely the Wolfenstein parameters \\(\\) and \\(\\), by means of a global CKM fit. The fit is dominated by the precision measurement of \\( 2 \\) by the B factories. A detailed numerical and graphical study of the impact of the results is presented. We propose to include \\( 2\\) from the recent measurement of the time-dependent CP-violating asymmetries in \\(B^0^ + ^-\\), using isospin relations to discriminate the penguin contribution. The constraint from \\(^/\\) is discussed. We study the impact from the branching fraction measurement of the rare kaon decay \\(K^ + ^ + \\), and give an outlook into the reach of a future measurement of \\(K^0_L^0\\). The B system is investigated in detail. We display the constraint on \\(2 + \\) and \\(\\) from \\(B^0 D^(*)^\\) and \\(B^ + D^(*)0K^ + \\) decays, respectively. A significant part of this paper is dedicated to the understanding of the dynamics of B decays into \\(\\), \\(K\\), \\(\\), \\(\\) and modes related to these by flavor symmetry. Various phenomenological approaches and theoretical frameworks are discussed. We find a remarkable agreement of the \\(\\) and \\(K\\) data with the other constraints in the unitarity plane when the hadronic matrix elements are calculated within QCD Factorization, where we apply a conservative treatment of the theoretical uncertainties. A global fit of QCD Factorization to all \\(\\) and \\(K\\) data leads to precise predictions of the related observables. However sizable phenomenological power corrections are preferred. Using an isospin-based phenomenological parameterization, we analyze separately the \\(B K\\) decays, and the impact of electroweak penguins in response to recent discussions. We find that the present data are not sufficiently precise to constrain either electroweak parameters or hadronic amplitude ratios. We do not observe any unambiguous sign of New Physics, whereas there is some evidence for potentially large non-perturbative rescattering effects. Finally we use a model-independent description of a large class of New Physics effects in both \\(B^0 B^0\\) mixing and B decays, namely in the \\(b d\\) and \\(b s\\) gluonic penguin amplitudes, to perform a new numerical analysis. Significant non-standard corrections cannot be excluded yet, however Standard Model solutions are favored in most cases. In the appendix to this paper we propose a frequentist method to extract a confidence level on \\( m_s\\) from the experimental information on \\(B^0_s B_s^0\\) oscillation. In addition we describe a novel approach to combine potentially inconsistent measurements. All results reported in this paper have been obtained with the numerical analysis package CKMfitter, featuring the frequentist statistical approach Rfit.

The primary goal of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is to gain an understanding of the prevalence of technologically advanced beings (organic or inorganic) in the Galaxy. One way to approach this is to look for technosignatures: remotely detectable indicators of technology, such as temporal or spectral electromagnetic emissions consistent with an artificial source. With the new Commensal Open-Source Multimode Interferometer Cluster (COSMIC) digital backend on the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), we aim to conduct a search for technosignatures that is significantly more comprehensive, sensitive, and efficient than previously attempted. The COSMIC system is currently operational on the VLA, recording data and designed with the flexibility to provide user-requested modes. This paper describes the hardware system design, the current software pipeline, and plans for future development.

Current methods to extract the quark-mixing matrix element | V tb | from single-top-production measurements assume that | V tb |≫| V td |,| V ts |: top quarks decay into b quarks with 100 % branching fraction, s -channel single-top production is always accompanied by a b quark and initial-state contributions from d and s quarks in the t -channel production of single top quarks are neglected. Triggered by a recent measurement of the ratio performed by the D0 collaboration, we consider a | V tb | extraction method that takes into account non zero d - and s -quark contributions both in production and decay. We propose a strategy that allows to extract consistently and in a model-independent way the quark-mixing matrix elements | V td |, | V ts |, and | V tb | from the measurement of R and from single-top measured event yields. As an illustration, we apply our method to the Tevatron data using a CDF analysis of the measured single-top event yield with two jets in the final state, one of which is identified as a b -quark jet. We constrain the | V tq | matrix elements within a four-generation scenario by combining the results with those obtained from direct measurements in flavor physics and determine the preferred range for the top-quark decay width within different scenarios.

Current methods to extract the quark-mixing matrix element [absolute value of [V.sub.tb]] from single-top-production measurements assume that [absoulute value of [V.sub.tb]] ≫ [absolute value of [V.sub.td]], [absolute value of [V.sub.ts]]: top quarks decay into b quarks with 100% branching fraction, s-channel single-top production is always accompanied by a b quark and initial-state contributions from d and s quarks in the t-channel production of single top quarks are neglected. Triggered by a recent measurement of the ratio R = [[absolute value of [V.sub.tb]].sup.2]/ [[[absolute value of [V.sub.td]].sup.2] + [[absolute value of [V.sub.ts]].sup.2] + [[absolute value of [V.sub.tb]].sup.2]] = 0.90 ± 0.04 performed by the D0 collaboration, we consider a [absolute value of [V.sub.tb]] extraction method that takes into account non zero d-and s-quark contributions both in production and decay. We propose a strategy that allows to extract consistently and in a model-independent way the quark-mixing matrix elements [absolute value of [V.sub.td]], [absolute value of [V.sub.ts]], and [absolute value of [V.sub.tb]] from the measurement of R and from single-top measured event yields. As an illustration, we apply our method to the Tevatron data using a CDF analysis of the measured single-top event yield with two jets in the final state, one of which is identified as a b-quark jet. We constrain the [absolute value of [V.sub.tq]] matrix elements within a four-generation scenario by combining the results with those obtained from direct measurements in flavor physics and determine the preferred range for the top-quark decay width within different scenarios.

Current methods to extract the quark-mixing matrix element |Vtb| from single-top-production measurements assume that |Vtb|≫|Vtd|,|Vts|: top quarks decay into b quarks with 100 % branching fraction, s-channel single-top production is always accompanied by a b quark and initial-state contributions from d and s quarks in the t-channel production of single top quarks are neglected. Triggered by a recent measurement of the ratio \\(R=|V_tb|^2|V_td|^2+|V_ts|^2+|V_tb|^2=0.90 0.04\\) performed by the D0 collaboration, we consider a |Vtb| extraction method that takes into account non zero d- and s-quark contributions both in production and decay. We propose a strategy that allows to extract consistently and in a model-independent way the quark-mixing matrix elements |Vtd|, |Vts|, and |Vtb| from the measurement of R and from single-top measured event yields. As an illustration, we apply our method to the Tevatron data using a CDF analysis of the measured single-top event yield with two jets in the final state, one of which is identified as a b-quark jet. We constrain the |Vtq| matrix elements within a four-generation scenario by combining the results with those obtained from direct measurements in flavor physics and determine the preferred range for the top-quark decay width within different scenarios.

Due to a coding error, the previous paper quoted incorrect values for the differential cross sections dσ/dMpp and dσ/dΩπ* of the process np→ppπ-.

The low-field carrier mobilities in silicon were quantified as a function of the 1\\(\\,\\)MeV neutron-equivalent fluence up to \\(10^18\\,\\)cm\\(^-2\\) and for temperatures between 230\\(\\,\\)K and 260\\(\\,\\)K. Current measurements were fitted using a mobility model for scattering at ionized impurities. Technology-aided design (TCAD) simulations were compared to measurements and used to estimate the carrier concentrations, which are parameters in the fit. The fit model describes the data very well, both as a function of fluence and the temperature. At a fluence of \\(6 10^17\\,\\)cm\\(^-2\\), which is expected for the innermost detector layers at the proposed Future Circular Hadron Collider (FCC-hh), the sum of the mobilities of electrons and holes was found to decrease by \\(60\\)%.