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3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is the key rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in plants, which determines the carbon chain length of VLCFAs. However, a comprehensive study of KCSs in Oryza sativa has not been reported yet. In this study, we identified 22 OsKCS genes in rice, which are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. The OsKCS gene family is divided into six subclasses. Many cis -acting elements related to plant growth, light, hormone, and stress response were enriched in the promoters of OsKCS genes. Gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the OsKCS gene family and underwent a strong purifying selection. Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results revealed that most KCS genes are constitutively expressed. We also revealed that KCS genes responded differently to exogenous cadmium stress in japonica and indica background, and the KCS genes with higher expression in leaves and seeds may have functions under cadmium stress. This study provides a basis for further understanding the functions of KCS genes and the biosynthesis of VLCFA in rice.

Aroma is a key grain quality trait that directly influences the market price of rice globally. Loss of function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (OsBADH2) affects the biosynthesis of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2‐AP), which is responsible for aroma in fragrant rice. The current study was aimed at creating new alleles of BADH2 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology under the genetic background of the japonica Ningjing 1 (NJ1) and indica Huang Huazhan (HHZ) varieties. Sensory evaluation and analysis using headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) showed that the grains of the four homozygous T1 lines with new alleles of BADH2 (nj1‐cr BADH2‐1, nj1‐cr BADH2‐2, hhz‐cr BADH2‐1 and hhz‐cr BADH2‐2) produced moderate fragrance and had significantly increased 2‐AP content compared with wild‐types. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the amylose content and gelatinization temperature among the four lines with new alleles of BADH2 to the wild‐types. Thereafter, we crossed the HHZ background new alleles of BADH2 with CMS line Taonong 1A (TN1A) to produce a three‐line hybrid variety B‐Tao‐You‐Xiangzhan (BTYXZ) with increased grain aroma. The 2‐AP content in grains of the improved BTYXZ‐1 and BTYXZ‐2 reached at 26.16 and 18.74 μg/kg, and the gel consistency of BTYXZ‐1 and BTYXZ‐2 increased significantly by 9.1% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with the wild‐type Tao‐You‐Xiangzhan (TYXZ). However, the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the improved three‐line hybrid rice BTYXZ‐1 (5.6 mg/100 g) and BTYXZ‐2 (10.7 mg/100 g) was significantly lower than that of the TYXZ. These results demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology could be successfully utilized in improving aroma in non‐fragrant japonica and indica varieties. In addition, the newly developed BADH2 alleles provided important genetic resources for grain aroma improvement in three‐line hybrid rice.

As distribution networks become increasingly intelligent, primary–secondary integrated distribution switches are replacing the traditional electromagnetic type. However, the high degree of integration intensifies inherent electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) challenges. This paper presents a field-circuit hybrid full-wave model to investigate switch characteristics during lightning strikes. A 3D full-wave model of the switch and a distributed parameter circuit model of the connecting lines are coupled via a network parameter matrix. This approach comprehensively accounts for the impacts of transmission lines and structural components on electromagnetic disturbances. Simulation and experimental results reveal that lightning strikes induce high-frequency damped oscillatory waves, primarily caused by traveling wave reflections along overhead lines. The characteristic frequency of disturbance is inversely proportional to the transmission line length. Additionally, internal components significantly influence this frequency; specifically, a larger voltage dividing capacitance in the voltage transformer results in a lower frequency. Model validation was performed using a 20 m transmission line setup. A 75 kV standard lightning impulse was injected into Phase B. At a distance of 500 mm from the voltage transformer, the measured radiated electric field amplitude was 14.12 kV/m (deviation < 5%), and the characteristic frequency was 1.11 MHz (deviation < 20%). These findings offer vital guidance for the lightning protection and EMC design of primary–secondary integrated distribution switches.

We introduce JoyAI-LLM Flash, an efficient Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model designed to redefine the trade-off between strong performance and token efficiency in the sub-50B parameter regime. JoyAI-LLM Flash is pretrained on a massive corpus of 20 trillion tokens and further optimized through a rigorous post-training pipeline, including supervised fine-tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and large-scale reinforcement learning (RL) across diverse environments. To improve token efficiency, JoyAI-LLM Flash strategically balances thinking and non-thinking cognitive modes and introduces FiberPO, a novel RL algorithm inspired by fibration theory that decomposes trust-region maintenance into global and local components, providing unified multi-scale stability control for LLM policy optimization. To enhance architectural sparsity, the model comprises 48B total parameters while activating only 2.7B parameters per forward pass, achieving a substantially higher sparsity ratio than contemporary industry leading models of comparable scale. To further improve inference throughput, we adopt a joint training-inference co-design that incorporates dense Multi-Token Prediction (MTP) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT). We release the checkpoints for both JoyAI-LLM-48B-A3B Base and its post-trained variants on Hugging Face to support the open-source community.