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"Lai, Li"
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The Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase STRK1 Phosphorylates and Activates CatC, Thereby Regulating H2O2 Homeostasis and Improving Salt Tolerance in Rice
Salt stress can significantly affect plant growth and agricultural productivity. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are believed to play essential roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. Here, we identify a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, salt tolerance receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 1 (STRK1), from rice (Oryza sativa) that positively regulates salt and oxidative stress tolerance. Our results show that STRK1 anchors and interacts with CatC at the plasma membrane via palmitoylation. CatC is phosphorylated mainly at Tyr-210 and is activated by STRK1. The phosphorylation mimic form CatCY210D exhibits higher catalase activity both in vitro and in planta, and salt stress enhances STRK1-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation on CatC. Compared with wild-type plants, STRK1-overexpressing plants exhibited higher catalase activity and lower accumulation of H2O2 as well as higher tolerance to salt and oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate that STRK1 improves salt and oxidative tolerance by phosphorylating and activating CatC and thereby regulating H2O2 homeostasis. Moreover, overexpression of STRK1 in rice not only improved growth at the seedling stage but also markedly limited the grain yield loss under salt stress conditions. Together, these results offer an opportunity to improve rice grain yield under salt stress.
Journal Article
The chromosome-level wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) genome provides insights into floral scent biosynthesis and flowering in winter
Background
Wintersweet (
Chimonanthus praecox
), an important ornamental plant, has evolved unique fragrant aroma and winter-flowering properties, which are critical for its successful sexual reproduction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these traits are largely unknown in this species. In addition, wintersweet is also a typical representative species of the magnoliids, where the phylogenetic position of which relative to eudicots and monocots has not been conclusively resolved.
Results
Here, we present a chromosome-level wintersweet genome assembly with a total size of 695.36 Mb and a draft genome assembly of
Calycanthus chinensis
. Phylogenetic analyses of 17 representative angiosperm genomes suggest that Magnoliids and eudicots are sister to monocots. Whole-genome duplication signatures reveal two major duplication events in the evolutionary history of the wintersweet genome, with an ancient one shared by Laurales, and a more recent one shared by the Calycantaceae. Whole-genome duplication and tandem duplication events have significant impacts on copy numbers of genes related to terpene and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (the main floral scent volatiles) biosynthesis, which may contribute to the characteristic aroma formation. An integrative analysis combining cytology with genomic and transcriptomic data reveals biological characteristics of wintersweet, such as floral transition in spring, floral organ specification, low temperature-mediated floral bud break, early blooming in winter, and strong cold tolerance.
Conclusions
These findings provide insights into the evolutionary history of wintersweet and the relationships among the Magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots; the molecular basis underlying floral scent biosynthesis; and winter flowering, and highlight the utility of multi-omics data in deciphering important ornamental traits in wintersweet.
Journal Article
Relationship between fine particulate matter concentration and winter monsoon in the tropics under the influence of climate change and topographic effects: A case study of Kaoping area, Taiwan, since 1959
The negative trend of PM
2.5
in southwestern Taiwan could be offset in the future because of the stabilisation of the atmospheric layer with the decreasing strength of the East Asian winter monsoons. However, phenomena such as changes in the moisture source and the washout effect can help reduce PM
2.5
levels. To assess these phenomena, hourly PM
2.5
levels, weather parameters, and surface weather maps were obtained from the relevant government authorities in Taiwan. Trend, multiregression, and basic statistical methods were used in this study. The study period was divided into two separate parts. P1 (1959–1976) represents the averaged period, and P2 represents the warming period (1977–2021). The rainy-day weather patterns suggested that the percentage of moisture in the weak continental high area south of the Yangtze River basin in China and the southern region outside Taiwan Island was more substantial during P2 (28.3%) than during P1 (7.3%) because the frequency and intensity of rainfall increased in P2. The rainfall pattern in the Kaoping area from 2005 to 2021 changed from low rainfall and decreasing rainfall frequency to high rainfall and increasing rainfall frequency. Multiregression models showed that the negative contribution of the washout effect to the variation in the annual mean PM
2.5
was more significant than the positive contribution of air dispersion. This suggests that in tropical regions with poor air dispersion and winter monsoons, the frequency and type of rainfall affect the variations in PM
2.5
under climate change.
Journal Article
Shape-Persistent Dendrimers
Dendrimers have a diverse and versatile morphology, frequently consisting of core, linking, and peripheral moieties. Dendrimers with flexible linkers, such as PAMAM, cannot retain the persistent shape of molecules, and this has been widely explored and reviewed previously; nevertheless, dendrimers with stiff linkers can preserve the persistent shape of the dendrimers, which has been reported considerably less. This review thus focuses on addressing shape-persistent dendrimers with rigid linking moieties discovered in recent years, i.e., from 2012 to 2023. Shape-persistent dendrimers with an interstitial gap between the dendritic frames in the solid state may or may not let the intramolecular void space be accessible for guest molecules, which largely depends on whether their peripheral groups are flexible or non-flexible. In this paper, eight articles on shape-persistent dendrimers with a flexible alkyl periphery, which may exhibit mesogenic phases upon thermal treatment, and eight articles on shape-persistent dendrimers with a non-flexible periphery, which may allow external ions, gases, or volatile organic compounds to access the interstitial gaps between dendritic frames, are reviewed.
Journal Article
Influence of warming climate and the green revolution on the optimum range of weather parameters of longan yield in Taiwan since 1909
Abstract Longans are the fruits of a subtropical evergreen tree (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) and are widely distributed in Southern China and Southeast Asia. However, there is a lack of historical records of these fruits. In addition to air temperature, other factors, such as the green revolution effect (GRE), sunshine duration, flower bud differentiation, flowering, and production period, may also be important for longan yield. This study incorporated Duncan’s multiple range tests, linear regression models, and multi-regression models, using the forward stepwise method. The results showed that a warming climate was unfavourable to the longan fruits yield (LFY), as the mean negative impact of climate change on LFY was 2489.6 ± 1072.2 kg/ha (mean difference ± 95% CI) under GRE. When considering warming climate and GRE, the results showed that, at the time of flower bud differentiation, the optimum ranges of mean air temperature and relative humidity (RH) were 18.0–19.4 °C and 73.9–75.7%, respectively; during flowering, the optimum ranges of cloud cover, sunshine-hour, and rainy days were 6.8–7.3 oktas, 381.3–476.6 h, and 28.9–41.9 days, respectively; during the production period, the optimum ranges of mean diurnal temperature and RH were 6.8–7.4 °C and 75.1–79.4% respectively. A smaller optimum range of weather parameters aids in a greater slope of the accumulated frequency of the LFY. The GRE and small optimum ranges of weather (stable weather conditions) were found to assist in ensuring stable LFY.
Journal Article
Cost-effectiveness evaluation of different control strategies for Clonorchis sinensis infection in a high endemic area of China: A modelling study
Clonorchiasis is an important food-borne parasitic disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection. The evaluation of long-term cost-effectiveness of control strategies is important for disease control and prevention. The present study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the three recommended strategies (i.e., WHO, Chinese and Guangdong strategies) and different combinations of commonly used measures (i.e., preventive chemotherapy, information, education, and communication (IEC) and environmental improvement) on clonorchiasis. The study area, Fusha town in Guangdong Province, was a typical high endemic area in China. The analysis was based on a multi-group transmission model of C . sinensis infection. We set the intervention duration for 10 years and post-intervention period for 50 years. The corresponding costs and DALYs were estimated. Strategies with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) less than 1/5 of the willingness-to-pay threshold were identified as highly cost-effective strategies. The optimal control strategy was obtained using the next best comparator method. The ICERs of Guangdong strategy were$172 (95% CI : $ 143- $230) US for praziquantel and $ 106 (95% CI :$85-$ 143) US for albendazole, suggesting the highest cost-effectiveness among the three recommended strategies. For praziquantel, 470 sets of control strategies were identified as highly cost-effective strategies for achieving infection control (prevalence<5%). The optimal strategy consisted of chemotherapy targeted on at-risk population, IEC and environmental improvement, with coverages all being 100%, and with the ICER of$202 (95% CI : $ 168-$271) US. The results for transmission control (prevalence<1%) and albendazole were obtained with the same procedures. The findings may help to develop control policies for C . sinensis infection in high endemic areas. Moreover, the method adopted is applicable for assessment of optimal strategies in other endemic areas.
Journal Article
Progression of tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation following surgical repair of subarterial ventricular septal defect via different approaches: predictors and outcomes
Objective
Subarterial Ventricular Septal Defect (SVSD) accounts for 10–30% of all VSD cases in Asia, and surgical repair using approaches has not yet been well-defined. However, further investigation is necessary to understand the impact of these approaches on the progression of tricuspid regurgitation (TRP) and pulmonary regurgitation (PRP). As a result, the primary focus of this work is to investigate TRP, PRP and their predictive factors.
Methods
This is a single-center retrospective cohort study that includes 286 SVSD patients with surgical repair from 2018 to 2022. The patients were divided into four subgroups: Group 1, no aortic valve (AV) pathology; Group 2, aortic valve prolapse (AVP) only; Group 3, aortic valve regurgitation (AR) only; Group 4, both AVP and AR. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and COX regression were performed to assess TRP and PRP and uncover predictive factors.
Results
Among the 286 pediatric patients that were followed up postoperatively, 57 were lost to follow-up, and one died. The overall TRP rates at 6, 12, 36, and 60 months were 7.46%, 13.6%, 26.21%, and 37.25%, respectively. There were significant variations in survival curves between Group 1 and 3 or 4 (
P
< 0.05). The PRP rates at 6, 12, 36, and 60 months postoperatively were 2.63%, 5.7%, 11.67%, and 15.28%, respectively, with no significant variations across subgroups. Preoperative TR grade was partially associated with lower TRP, while the trans-pulmonary approach was considered an independent risk factor for PRP. The trans-pulmonary approach and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were found to correlate with PRP to ≥ mild.
Conclusion
SVSD patients exhibit high TRP and PRP rates during mid-to-long-term follow-up. SVSD surgical repair before the onset of AR may contribute to keeping TRP within limits. In addition, preoperative TR severity may be associated with TRP rather than the trans-tricuspid approach. Moreover, the trans-pulmonary approach was found to be a predictor of PRP, with patients with PNI ≤ 58 having a higher likelihood of developing PRP to ≥ mild. However, the optimal cutoff value of PNI for predicting PRP remains to be determined in larger prospective studies. Although the relationship between the trans-pulmonary approach and PNI needs further validation, in clinical practice, it is advisable to repair SVSD using RSI by RSI through TV prior to AR occurrence in a healthy nutritional state.
Journal Article
Current advances in orthodontic pain
Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular changes, the recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells, and the release of neurogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators. Ultimately, endogenous analgesic mechanisms check the inflammatory response and the sensation of pain subsides. The orthodontic pain signal, once received by periodontal sensory endings, reaches the sensory cortex for pain perception through three-order neurons： the trigeminal neuron at the trigeminal ganglia, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis at the medulla oblongata and the ventroposterior nucleus at the thalamus. Many brain areas participate in the emotion, cognition and memory of orthodontic pain, including the insular cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. A built-in analgesic neural pathway--periaqueductal grey and dorsal raphe---has an important role in alleviating orthodontic pain. Currently, several treatment modalities have been applied for the relief of orthodontic pain, including pharmacological, mechanical and behavioural approaches and low-level laser therapy. The effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs for pain relief has been validated, but its effects on tooth movement are controversial. However, more studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of other modalities. Furthermore, gene therapy is a novel, viable and promising modality for alleviatin~ orthodontic oain in the future.
Journal Article