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Safeguarding drinking water is a major public health and environmental concern because it is essential to human life but may contain pollutants that can cause illness or harm the environment. Therefore, continuous research is necessary to improve water treatment methods and guarantee its quality. As part of this study, the effectiveness of coagulation–flocculation treatment using aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) was evaluated on a very polluted site. Samplings were taken almost every day for a month from the polluted site, and the samples were characterized by several physicochemical properties, such as hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity, turbidity, organic matter, ammonium (NH+4), phosphate (PO43−), nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), sulfate (SO42−), iron (Fe3+), manganese (Mn2+), aluminum (Al3+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), complete alkalimetric titration (TAC), and dry residue (DR). Then, these samples were treated with Al2(SO4)3 using the jar test method, which is a common method to determine the optimal amount of coagulant to add to the water based on its physicochemical characteristics. A mathematical model had been previously created using the support vector machine method to predict the dose of coagulant according to the parameters of temperature, pH, TAC, conductivity, and turbidity. This Al2(SO4)3 treatment step was repeated at the end of each month for a year, and a second characterization of the physicochemical parameters was carried out in order to compare them with those of the raw water. The results showed a very effective elimination of the various pollutions, with a very high rate, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the Al2(SO4)3. The physicochemical parameters measured after the treatment showed a significant reduction in the majority of the physicochemical parameters. These results demonstrated that the coagulation–flocculation treatment with Al2(SO4)3 was very effective in eliminating the various pollutions present in the raw water. They also stress the importance of continued research in the field of water treatment to improve the quality of drinking water and protect public health and the environment.

Most of the species of the Teucrium genus are known for their strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities due to their richness in phenolic compounds. Thus, one species of the Teucrium genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family named Teucrium pseudochamaepitys L. was chosen in this study. The main objective of this study was to establish the pharmacological properties of T . pseudochamaepitys L. aqueous decoctions using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. This research represents the first attempt to validate the medicinal effects of this plant. The chemical composition was determined using SPE LC-MS/MS analysis, revealing the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The biological activity and chemical composition of the aqueous extract of T. pseudochamaepitys (TpAE) were investigated for the first time. Scavenging of DPPH · , ABTS ·+ , reducing power, and phenanthroline assays was employed in order to measure the antioxidant activity of TpAE. The results showed that TpAE exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the best performance of the phenanthroline method. In order to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, the inhibition of albumin denaturation by TpAE was investigated. TpAE confers high potential anti-inflammatory activity with a percentage of inhibition very close to that of the reference diclofenac. Acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities were performed in order to investigate in vivo biological activity of TpAE. Oral administration of TpAE at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause any symptoms of intoxication in all treated animals. On the other hand, the oral administration of TpAE at different concentrations inhibits the development of paw edema and produces significant inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing test. Our study revealed that TpAE is not toxic but contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity. Graphical abstract