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The present investigation deals with the health risk assessment due to the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn) in groundwater in the industrial township of Virudhunagar district. Twenty groundwater samples were collected, and the measured concentration of the heavy metals follows the order Pb > Ni > Zn > Co > Cr > Cd > Cu > Mn. The metal pollution indices (heavy metal evaluation index, Heavy metal pollution index, degree of contamination) were calculated using the measured heavy metal concentrations. The samples collected nearer to the industrial zone have elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Ni. The carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks were calculated based on the measured heavy metals concentration and average daily intake of water. The calculated carcinogenic risk values (5.66 × 10−3–1.56 × 10−2) (Pb, Cd, and Ni) exceed the acceptable limit of 10−6–10−4. The noncarcinogenic risk exceeds the acceptable limit of one for the heavy metals Pb and Cr. The higher carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk values reveal that the study area has health risks due to Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr metals. Furthermore, factor analysis and cluster analysis showed that the industrial impact and wastage dumpsites are the prime sources for heavy metal contamination in groundwater of the study area.

The continuous investigation of water resources is essential to assess pollution risks. This study investigated a groundwater assessment in the coastal belt of Tamil Nadu’s Kovilpatti Taluk, Thoothukudi district. Twenty-one groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, analyzing water quality parameters, namely pH, EC, Cl−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, TH, Na2+, and K+. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was computed and it is observed that 5% of pre-monsoon and 9% of post-monsoon samples were unsuitable for drinking. SAR, MHR, RSC, %Na and Kelley’s index were used to determine irrigation suitability. Pre-monsoon shows 29% (MHR) and 71% (RSC) unsuitable, and post-monsoon shows 59% (MHR) and 9% (RSC) unsuitable. Coastal activity, urbanization, and industrialization in Kovilpatti resulted in the degradation of groundwater quality. Solving this coastal issue requires sustainable wastewater treatment and strict industrial discharge guidelines. Spatial distribution plots, Box plots, Gibbs plots, Piper plots, Wilcox plots and Correlation Matrices had similar results to the computed WQI and its physical–chemical parameters. According to the human health risk assessment, the Mooppanpatti, Illuppaiurani, and Vijayapuri regions show high health risks due to the nitrate and fluoride concentration in the groundwater. Kadambu, Melparaipatti, Therkuilandhaikulam, and Vadakku Vandanam have low levels, posing a minimal health risk.

The present investigation has been carried out in the Ottapidaram taluk to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes and to assess the non-carcinogenic health risks. Twenty groundwater samples were collected, and the major physicochemical parameters were measured along with the heavy metals lead (Pb 2+ ) and chromium (Cr 2+ ). The analyzed anions and cations follow the average dominance order, Cl −  > PO 4 3−  > SO 4 2−  > NO 3 −  > F − , and Mg 2+  > Ca 2+  > Na +  > K + , respectively. From the water quality index to know the 45% of the water samples are unsuitable for drinking purposes. The statistical analysis of the data infers that major geochemical process of the region is leaching of salts by contaminated water, followed by industrial pollution and geogenic sources. The spatial representation of the different parameters reveals that the western part of the study area is predominated by geogenic sources and the eastern part is contaminated by industrial effluents. The non-carcinogenic risks of F − , NO 3 − , Cr 2+ , and Pb 2+ were assessed. The findings show 40% of the samples exceeds the chromium hazard quotient, and 50% exceed the lead hazard quotient value of 1 recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The present investigation shows that Cr 2+ and Pb 2+ highly pollute the groundwater due to the industrial impacts. The present study suggests that the groundwater from this taluk is worse, and people from this taluk have health risks due to groundwater drinking.