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"Lambert, Mike"
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Lay of the land: narrative synthesis of tackle research in rugby union and rugby sevens
ObjectivesThe purpose of this review was to synthesise both injury prevention and performance tackle-related research to provide rugby stakeholders with information on tackle injury epidemiology, including tackle injury risk factors and performance determinants, and to discuss potential preventative measures.DesignSystematic review and narrative synthesis.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus and Web of Science.Eligibility criteriaLimited to peer-reviewed English-only publications between January 1995 and October 2018.ResultsA total of 317 studies were identified, with 177 in rugby union and 13 were in rugby sevens. The tackle accounted for more than 50% of all injuries in rugby union and rugby sevens, both at the professional level and at the lower levels, with the rate of tackle injuries higher at the professional level (mean 32/1000 player-hours) compared with the lower levels (mean 17/1000 player-hours). A player’s tackle actions and technical ability were identified as major risk factors for injury and a key determinant of performance.Summary/conclusionEvidence-based education, progressive tackle technique training with a high potential to transfer and law changes have been proposed as key modifiers of player tackle actions and technical ability. Conceivably, all three modifiers working in unison (as opposed to separately) will have a higher potential at reducing tackle injury risk while enhancing performance. With the guidance of tackle injury and performance studies, as well as stakeholder engagement, experiential and explorative tackle research has the potential to inspire innovative injury prevention and performance strategies.
Journal Article
Theoretical Model Describing the Relationship between the Number of Tackles in Which A Player Engages, Tackle Injury Risk and Tackle Performance
During a match, tight forwards (position numbers 1-5, who primarily compete in the set phases such scrums and lineouts) engage in the tackle approximately 10-25 times, loose forwards (position numbers 6-8, who mainly competes for possession of the ball at rucks and assist the tight forwards in set pieces) are involved in 25-35 tackles, inside backs (position numbers 9,10,12,13, whose key responsibility is to execute tactics and distribute the ball) competes in 20-25 tackles, and outside backs (position numbers 11,14,15, who are typically quicker and expected to run into open spaces to cross the advantage line and score points) engage in 10-15 tackles (Deutsch et al., 2007 ; Quarrie and Hopkins, 2008). From physical conditioning perspective, well-developed physical qualities such lower body muscular power (vertical jump) and acceleration (10m sprint) is positively associated with better tackle ability (measured using a tackle technique assessment) (Gabbett et al., 2010b ; 2011a). [...]physiological characteristics such, as lower body muscular strength (1RM box-squat), lower body muscular power, and speed (10m and 40m sprints) improve tackle performance in matches (Gabbett et al. 2011b ; Smart et al. 2011). [...]physical characteristics such upper body muscular strength (1RM weighted chin-up) and prolonged high intensity intermittent running ability has been shown to reduce the risk of injury during contact events in matches (Gabbett et al., 2012b). [...]a theoretical model building on previous work in conjunction with the findings of Hendricks et al. can be proposed ( Figure 1).
Journal Article
Knowledge-guided analysis of \omics\ data using the KnowEnG cloud platform
We present Knowledge Engine for Genomics (KnowEnG), a free-to-use computational system for analysis of genomics data sets, designed to accelerate biomedical discovery. It includes tools for popular bioinformatics tasks such as gene prioritization, sample clustering, gene set analysis, and expression signature analysis. The system specializes in \"knowledge-guided\" data mining and machine learning algorithms, in which user-provided data are analyzed in light of prior information about genes, aggregated from numerous knowledge bases and encoded in a massive \"Knowledge Network.\" KnowEnG adheres to \"FAIR\" principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reuseable): its tools are easily portable to diverse computing environments, run on the cloud for scalable and cost-effective execution, and are interoperable with other computing platforms. The analysis tools are made available through multiple access modes, including a web portal with specialized visualization modules. We demonstrate the KnowEnG system's potential value in democratization of advanced tools for the modern genomics era through several case studies that use its tools to recreate and expand upon the published analysis of cancer data sets.
Journal Article
Quality of life among individuals with rugby-related spinal cord injuries in South Africa: a descriptive cross-sectional study
ObjectivesRugby-related spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are rare but life altering and traumatic events. Little is known about the long-term consequences and outcomes of players who have sustained these injuries. This study investigated current quality of life (QoL) and factors associated with QoL, among individuals with rugby-related SCI in South Africa, by using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework.DesignDescriptive cross-sectional study.SettingRugby-related SCI population of South Africa, as captured in the BokSmart/Chris Burger Petro Jackson Players’ Fund database.ParticipantsNinety (n=90) of the 102 eligible players on the database agreed to participate in the study.Main outcome measureThe relationship between QoL, as measured with the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and specific independent variables (demographic information, level of independence and participation in various activities and life roles) was investigated. Variables that were significantly associated with QoL in bivariate analyses were included in multiple linear regression analyses.ResultsThe mean score and SD of the WHOQOL-BREF was 15.1±2.3 arbitrary units. Participation (an ICF framework construct) and income were significantly associated with overall QoL (p<0.001). Participation was the only variable significantly associated with all QoL subdomains (p<0.001). Additionally, number of health concerns, type of healthcare (public vs private) and level of education were significantly associated with various QoL domains (p<0.001).ConclusionsOn average, these individuals with rugby-related SCI presented with higher QoL scores than other comparable SCI studies. However, lower levels of participation and income, certain levels of education, increased health concerns and use of public healthcare were associated with lower levels of QoL. Sporting bodies have a responsibility to optimise player welfare, by acting on the modifiable factors associated with QoL.
Journal Article
A Masterclass on developing clinical tools in sport and exercise medicine using principles of clinimetrics
Musculoskeletal assessment and skill screening tests are regularly used in sports and exercise science to determine performance levels or injury risk in athletes. Many of these tests are used without having undergone clinimetric evaluation. The steps to develop these screening tests and assessment tools should include a structured process according to the clinimetric principles (conceptual and measurement model, reliability, validity, responsiveness, interpretability, burden, alternative forms, and cultural and language adaptation). This systematic process ensures the test measures what it intends to measure and also quantifies the error around the measurement. In this Masterclass we discuss the systematic development and clinimetric evaluation of clinical and performance tests used in sports and exercise science. We use the sport of mountain biking to provide a contextual example of how these principles may be practically applied.
Journal Article
An evidence-driven approach to scrum law modifications in amateur rugby played in South Africa
Background In 2012, the South African Rugby Union (SARU) approved a new set of scrum laws for amateur rugby played in the country, to be implemented at the start of the 2013 rugby season. These law changes were primarily based on the relatively high proportion of scrum-related catastrophic injury data collected as part of the BokSmart National Rugby Safety Programme (BokSmart) over the preceding 4 years (2008–2011). Aim To describe the scrum-related catastrophic injury data in South Africa over the past 5 years (2008–2012), and to discuss how this evidence justifies the change in the Amateur Scrum Laws to make this aspect of the game safer in South Africa. Methods Catastrophic injury data were collected through BokSmart at amateur and professional levels, during training and matches over 5 years (2008–2012). Results The scrum phase accounted for 33% (n=20 of 60) of all catastrophic injuries between 2008 and 2012. Eighteen of the 20 scrum injuries (90%) were confirmed as acute spinal cord injuries, with 13 of these being permanent injuries. For the scrum injury mechanisms that were provided (n=19), ‘impact on the engagement’ was the most frequently reported (n=11 of 19, 58%), followed by ‘collapsed scrum’ (n=7 of 19, 37%) and ‘popping out’ (n=1 of 19, 5%). Conclusions Based on these scrum-related catastrophic injury data, a change in the Amateur Scrum Laws of South African Rugby was justified. The main purpose of these scrum law changes is to reduce the number of scrum-related catastrophic injuries in the country, by minimising the opportunity for impact injury and subsequent scrum collapse in amateur rugby in South Africa, thereby making this aspect of the game of rugby safer.
Journal Article
Ankle osteoarthritis and its association with severe ankle injuries, ankle surgeries and health-related quality of life in recently retired professional male football and rugby players: a cross-sectional observational study
ObjectivesTo determine (1) the prevalence of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) among former professional football and rugby players, (2) assess the association between ankle injuries or ankle surgeries with ankle OA, and (3) compare the mental and physical quality of life (QoL) between former professional football and rugby players with and without OA.MethodsWe conducted a questionnaire-based observational study with a cross-sectional design. Former professional football and rugby players were recruited by the Football Players Worldwide and the International Rugby Players. Information concerning ankle OA, sustained ankle injuries and ankle surgeries was gathered (medical record or most recent medical professional). Health-related QoL was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical and mental health scores.ResultsOverall, 553 former professional football (n=401) and rugby (n=152) players were enrolled in the study (response rate of 56%). Ankle OA prevalence among former professional football and rugby players was 9.2% and 4.6%, respectively. Football players were more likely to suffer from ankle OA following every ankle injury and/or surgery. Football and rugby players with ankle OA had similar PROMIS physical and mental health scores to the norm for the general population.ConclusionFormer professional football and rugby players had higher ankle OA prevalence than the general population (3.4%). Football players are more likely to suffer from ankle OA following every ankle injury and/or surgery. No clinically relevant difference was seen for physical or mental health-related QoL among football and rugby players. Preventive measures for ankle injuries are recommended.
Journal Article