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In this paper, we studied the limiting regimes α→n− and α→0+ in the affine Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev (HLS) inequalities. Specifically, we established affine logarithmic HLS inequalities and affine Beckner-type logarithmic Sobolev inequalities for pairs of functions. The results extended classical logarithmic inequalities to the affine setting and recovered known sharp inequalities in the limiting cases.

In this paper, stronger versions of Stein–Weiss inequalities and reverse Stein–Weiss inequalities are established.

Background/Objectives: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses a substantial global health threat, particularly impacting infants and vulnerable pediatric populations through severe respiratory morbidity. Methods: We developed a novel adenoviral vector vaccine platform utilizing chimpanzee adenovirus 68 (AdC68) to deliver prefusion F (pre-F) antigens from RSV subtypes A and B, generating three vaccine candidates: AdC68-A (subtype A), AdC68-B (subtype B), and AdC68-A+B (bivalent formulation). Results: Single intranasal (i.n.) immunization and prime–boost immunizations via intramuscular (i.m.) routes in BALB/c mice induced robust immune activation, with single i.n. administration conferring durable protection evidenced by an 85% reduction in pulmonary viral loads (p < 0.05) at 134 days post-immunization. All vaccine formulations via i.n. single administration elicited potent subtype-specific IgG responses (geometric mean titers 50–12,800) and Th1-polarized cellular immunity (552–1201 IFN-γ+ spot-forming units/106 PBMCs, IgG2a/IgG1 > 1) in bivalent formulation group, while i.m. boosting enhanced cellular responses 3-fold versus prime immunization alone (p < 0.01). Notably, despite undetectable serum-neutralizing antibodies and absent mucosal IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage at 7 days post-i.n. immunization, the sustained viral control highlights non-neutralizing antibody-mediated protective mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings establish the proof-of-concept for adenoviral-vectored intranasal vaccines against RSV, though optimization of humoral response induction and mucosal immunity duration require further investigation.

Background Diagnosing incarcerated groin hernia and predicting its progression to strangulation remains challenging. This study investigates whether blood inflammatory markers can aid in diagnosing incarcerated groin hernias and assessing their severity. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent surgery for incarcerated groin hernia between 2018 and 2024. Preoperative blood tests were performed, and patients were categorized into bowel resection and non-resection groups. Results Among 203 patients, 78 required bowel resection. Significant differences were observed in hernia type, white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and serum Sodium-ion levels between the two groups. Conclusion White blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and C-reactive protein are effective diagnostic markers for incarcerated groin hernia. Combining these inflammatory markers provides a reliable method for predicting disease severity.

Aims Chronic liver disease (CLD) is increasingly recognized as a significant global public health threat, with morbidity and mortality rates remaining high. Evidence suggests that sarcopenia independently increases the risk of CLD and negatively impacts various clinical outcomes, including survival, quality of life, and the emergence of additional complications in patients with CLD. This study aimed to give a bibliometric analysis to examine the correlation between sarcopenia and CLD from a literature perspective. Methods To understand the structure of this research field, we employed VOSviewer. The research on the correlation between long‐term liver disease and sarcopenia was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer 1.6.19.0 was utilized to examine and illustrate these publications, encompassing yearly patterns in the domain, focal points of research, significant articles, authors, journals, and organizations. Moreover, according to the results of the cluster analysis of keywords, we further searched and classified related studies to discuss. Results This study provides a comprehensive analysis of current research trends, international collaboration models, fundamental understandings, key focus areas, and future research areas in the field of sarcopenia and CLD by reviewing publications from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2023. Over the past 24 years, research in the field of sarcopenia and CLD has deepened, with a gradual increase in publications and citations from various countries, institutions, and authors. Keyword analysis of sarcopenia and CLD indicates that current research predominantly focuses on several key areas, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and nutrition therapy. Conclusion This study provided a visual representation of the current research on the correlation between CLD and sarcopenia, including publication trends, global collaboration patterns, and research hotspots. This research contributes significantly by summarizing and discussing current research trends in sarcopenia and CLD, offering valuable insights into the complex relationship, and highlighting research trends, collaborations, and future directions in clinical treatment. Key points Significant findings of the study From 2000 to 2023, there has been an explosive increase in the volume of literature published in the fields of sarcopenia and chronic liver disease, highlighting close collaborations among countries, institutions, and scholars involved in this research area. Research in the fields of sarcopenia and chronic liver disease primarily focuses on key topics such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and nutrition therapy. What this study adds The research hotspots between sarcopenia and chronic liver disease are summarized and discussed in this study. There is a need to strengthen further the links between various countries, institutions and scholars to promote relevant research in the fields of sarcopenia and chronic liver diseases. Starting from exploring the link between sarcopenia and chronic liver disease, this study used VOSviewer to conduct a visual analysis of the literature in this field, and introduced the trend of publication numbers, the connections between countries, regions, and authors, as well as the hot keywords of research in this field. According to the key keywords obtained from the visual analysis of the literature, some of the currently known connections are reviewed.

Increased human activities around the globe and the rapid development of once rural regions have increased the probability of contact between humans and wild animals. A majority of bunyaviruses are of zoonotic origin, and outbreaks may result in the substantial loss of lives, economy contraction, and social instability. Many bunyaviruses require manipulation in the highest levels of biocontainment, such as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories, and the scarcity of this resource has limited the development speed of vaccines for these pathogens. Meanwhile, new technologies have been created, and used to innovate vaccines, like the mRNA vaccine platform and bioinformatics-based antigen design. Here, we summarize current vaccine developments for three different bunyaviruses requiring work in the highest levels of biocontainment: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV), Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV), and Hantaan virus (HTNV), and provide perspectives and potential future directions that can be further explored to advance specific vaccines for humans and livestock.

The persistent public health threat of infection with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) highlights the need for an effective MERS-CoV vaccine. Previous studies have focused mainly on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the spike protein of MERS-CoV. Herein, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective potential of the recombinant N-terminal domain (rNTD) of spike proteins as a vaccine candidate. BALB/c mice vaccinated with 5 or 10μg of rNTD protein demonstrated a significant humoral immune response (serum IgG and neutralizing activity). Additionally, according to the enzyme-linked immunospot, intracellular cytokine staining, and cytometric bead array assays, significant and functional T-cell immunity was induced by 10μg of the rNTD vaccination with aluminum and CpG adjuvant. Furthermore, rNTD-immunized mice showed reduced lung abnormalities in a MERS-CoV-challenge mouse model transfected with an adenoviral vector expressing human DPP4, showing protection consistent with that found with rRBD vaccination. These data show that rNTD induced potent cellular immunity and antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice and that it demonstrated protective capacity against a viral challenge, indicating that rNTD is a vaccine candidate against MERS-CoV infection.

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 1 , features a receptor-binding domain (RBD) for binding to the host cell ACE2 protein 1 – 6 . Neutralizing antibodies that block RBD-ACE2 interaction are candidates for the development of targeted therapeutics 7 – 17 . Llama-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies, ~15 kDa) offer advantages in bioavailability, amenability, and production and storage owing to their small sizes and high stability. Here, we report the rapid selection of 99 synthetic nanobodies (sybodies) against RBD by in vitro selection using three libraries. The best sybody, MR3 binds to RBD with high affinity ( K D  = 1.0 nM) and displays high neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses (IC 50  = 0.42 μg mL −1 ). Structural, biochemical, and biological characterization suggests a common neutralizing mechanism, in which the RBD-ACE2 interaction is competitively inhibited by sybodies. Various forms of sybodies with improved potency have been generated by structure-based design, biparatopic construction, and divalent engineering. Two divalent forms of MR3 protect hamsters from clinical signs after live virus challenge and a single dose of the Fc-fusion construct of MR3 reduces viral RNA load by 6 Log 10 . Our results pave the way for the development of therapeutic nanobodies against COVID-19 and present a strategy for rapid development of targeted medical interventions during an outbreak. Here, the authors report the engineering, structural and biological characterization of synthetic nanobodies (sybodies) that display potent therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in animal models via targeting the virus receptor-binding domain.

Rodents represent over 40% of known mammal species and are found in various terrestrial habitats. They are significant reservoirs for zoonotic viruses, including harmful pathogens such as arenaviruses and hantaviruses, yet knowledge of their hosts and distributions is limited. Therefore, characterizing the virome profile in these animals is invaluable for outbreak preparedness, especially in potential hotspots of mammal diversity. This study included 681 organs from 124 rodents and one Chinese tree shrew collected from Yunnan Province, China, during 2020-2021. Metagenomic analysis revealed unique features of mammalian viruses in rodent organs across habitats with varying human disturbances. in locations with high anthropogenic disturbance exhibited the highest mammal viral diversity, with spleen and lung samples showing the highest diversities for these viruses at the organ level. Mammal viral diversity for both commensal and non-commensal rats was identified to positively correlate with landscape disturbance. Some virus families were associated with particular organs or host species, suggesting tropism for these pathogens. Notably, known and novel viral species that are likely to infect humans were identified. was identified as a reservoir and carrier for various zoonotic viruses, including porcine bocavirus, hantavirus, cardiovirus, and lyssavirus. These findings highlight the influence of rodent community composition and anthropogenic activities on diverse virome profiles, with as an important reservoir for zoonotic viruses.