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Sport psychology and performance meta-analyses: A systematic review of the literature
Sport psychology as an academic pursuit is nearly two centuries old. An enduring goal since inception has been to understand how psychological techniques can improve athletic performance. Although much evidence exists in the form of meta-analytic reviews related to sport psychology and performance, a systematic review of these meta-analyses is absent from the literature. We aimed to synthesize the extant literature to gain insights into the overall impact of sport psychology on athletic performance. Guided by the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews, we reviewed relevant articles identified via the EBSCOhost interface. Thirty meta-analyses published between 1983 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, covering 16 distinct sport psychology constructs. Overall, sport psychology interventions/variables hypothesized to enhance performance (e.g., cohesion, confidence, mindfulness) were shown to have a moderate beneficial effect ( d = 0.51), whereas variables hypothesized to be detrimental to performance (e.g., cognitive anxiety, depression, ego climate) had a small negative effect ( d = -0.21). The quality rating of meta-analyses did not significantly moderate the magnitude of observed effects, nor did the research design (i.e., intervention vs. correlation) of the primary studies included in the meta-analyses. Our review strengthens the evidence base for sport psychology techniques and may be of great practical value to practitioners. We provide recommendations for future research in the area.
Journal Article
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals new types of human blood dendritic cells, monocytes, and progenitors
Blood contains many types of cells, including many immune system components. Immune cells used to be characterized by marker-based assays, but now classification relies on the genes that cells express. Villani et al. used deep sequencing at the single-cell level and unbiased clustering to define six dendritic cell and four monocyte populations. This refined analysis has identified, among others, a previously unknown dendritic cell population that potently activates T cells. Further cell culture revealed possible differentiation progenitors within the different cell populations. Science , this issue p. eaah4573 Discovery of additional immune cell subtypes will help identify functions and immune monitoring during disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes play a central role in pathogen sensing, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation and consist of multiple specialized subtypes. However, their identities and interrelationships are not fully understood. Using unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of ~2400 cells, we identified six human DCs and four monocyte subtypes in human blood. Our study reveals a new DC subset that shares properties with plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) but potently activates T cells, thus redefining pDCs; a new subdivision within the CD1C + subset of DCs; the relationship between blastic plasmacytoid DC neoplasia cells and healthy DCs; and circulating progenitor of conventional DCs (cDCs). Our revised taxonomy will enable more accurate functional and developmental analyses as well as immune monitoring in health and disease.
Journal Article
Black ice
In 1868, teenaged Sherlock Holmes faces danger in a train station for the dead, a museum of curiousities, and downtown Moscow as he helps his brother, Mycroft, who has been framed for murder.
Book
Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase 1 is essential for HIF-1α stabilization and TNBC chemoresistance
Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H) expression and collagen hydroxylation in cancer cells are necessary for breast cancer progression. Here, we show that P4H alpha 1 subunit (P4HA1) protein expression is induced in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and HER2 positive breast cancer. By modulating alpha ketoglutarate (α-KG) and succinate levels P4HA1 expression reduces proline hydroxylation on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α, enhancing its stability in cancer cells. Activation of the P4HA/HIF-1 axis enhances cancer cell stemness, accompanied by decreased oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Inhibition of P4HA1 sensitizes TNBC to the chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel and doxorubicin in xenografts and patient-derived models. We also show that increased P4HA1 expression correlates with short relapse-free survival in TNBC patients who received chemotherapy. These results suggest that P4HA1 promotes chemoresistance by modulating HIF-1-dependent cancer cell stemness. Targeting collagen P4H is a promising strategy to inhibit tumor progression and sensitize TNBC to chemotherapeutic agents.
Hyperactivation of HIF-1α is crucial in progression of triple-negative breast cancer, but how HIF-1α stability is maintained in a hypoxia-independent manner is unclear. Here, the authors show collagen prolyl-4-hydroylase 1 stabilises HIF-1α and is involved in chemoresistance in TNBC.
Journal Article
حد السكين
هذه الرواية تتحدث عن تواجد الشاب شارلوك هولمز في غرب إيرلندا ولكن ليس بهدف تمضية عطلة بل برفقة شقيقه مايكروفت الذي حضر بصفته ممثلا للحكومة البريطانية كي يتحقق من مزاعم أحد علماء النفس الذي يدعي قدرته على التواصل مع الجواسيس الأموات وسيضع ذلك العالم خدماته في تصرف من يقدم أعلى سعر في مزايدة ستجرى بهذا الشأن وتتمثل مهمة مايكروفت وشارلوك في التأكد إن كان هذا العالم قادرا بالفعل على كشف الأسرار التي تخفيها القبور تلك الأسرار التي ترغب الحكومات الأوروبية بتركها طي الكتمان.
Book
Nitric oxide orchestrates metabolic rewiring in M1 macrophages by targeting aconitase 2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase
Profound metabolic changes are characteristic of macrophages during classical activation and have been implicated in this phenotype. Here we demonstrate that nitric oxide (NO) produced by murine macrophages is responsible for TCA cycle alterations and citrate accumulation associated with polarization.
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C tracing and mitochondrial respiration experiments map NO-mediated suppression of metabolism to mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2). Moreover, we find that inflammatory macrophages reroute pyruvate away from pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in an NO-dependent and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α)-independent manner, thereby promoting glutamine-based anaplerosis. Ultimately, NO accumulation leads to suppression and loss of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. Our data reveal that macrophages metabolic rewiring, in vitro and in vivo, is dependent on NO targeting specific pathways, resulting in reduced production of inflammatory mediators. Our findings require modification to current models of macrophage biology and demonstrate that reprogramming of metabolism should be considered a result rather than a mediator of inflammatory polarization.
Production of inflammatory mediators by M1-polarized macrophages is thought to rely on suppression of mitochondrial metabolism in favor of glycolysis. Refining this concept, here the authors define metabolic targets of nitric oxide as responsible for the mitochondrial rewiring resulting from polarization.
Journal Article
سحابة الموت
تدور الرواية حول \"سحابة الموت\"، عندما شاهد ماثيو آرنات سحابة الموت للمرة الأولى، كانت تطفو خارج نافذة الطابق الأول لمنزل مجاورٍ لمكان إقامته وكان يحث الخطى على امتداد الشارع الرئيسي في سوق بلدة فارنهايم، باحثا عن أي فاكهة أو كسر خبز أوقعها عابر سبيل غير متيقظ وكان يفترض بعينيه أن تتفحصا الأرض بدقة، ولكنه واصل النظر إلى المنازل والمتاجر وإلى الناس المحتشدين حوله.
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