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"Lane, Henry"
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Bacterial composition in the toheroa (Paphies ventricosa), a threatened surf clam from Aotearoa (New Zealand)
The toheroa (Paphies ventricosa) is an Aotearoa (New Zealand) endemic surf clam that remains threatened following population collapse due to overfishing in the twentieth century. Despite protective measures being in place for more than 4 decades, toheroa populations have inexplicably failed to recover. As part of an investigation into the possible role of disease in preventing their recovery, an exploration of the bacterial composition in toheroa was conducted over their entire geographic range. The bacterial composition in toheroa tissues was dominated by Spirochaetaceae, Mycoplasmataceae, and Endozoicomonadaceae, and varied at both large (between geographically separated sites) and small spatial scales (beds < 10 km apart). At small scales, it was habitat, in this case the presence or absence of freshwater outflows, which appeared to be a major influence on bacterial composition. Given that the decline of toheroa has also coincided with changes in land use that have reduced the amount of freshwater reaching the toheroa beaches, it is possible that habitat-related shifts in the abundance of certain bacterial symbionts are affecting the health and impeding recovery of this iconic and culturally significant species.
Journal Article
Comparative population genetic study of an important marine parasite from New Zealand flat oysters
The comparative genetic structure of hosts and parasites can reveal constraints acting on parasite dispersal among host populations and the evolution of local adaptation. We sampled New Zealand flat oysters Ostrea chilensis from 12 sites throughout New Zealand to (1) determine the distribution and prevalence of the haplosporidian parasites Bonamia exitiosa and B. ostreae, and (2) test for congruent patterns of host and parasite genetic structure. B. exitiosa was detected at three sites: Hauraki Gulf (5% prevalence), Marlborough Sounds (30%), and Foveaux Strait (7%), whereas B. ostreae was only detected in the Marlborough Sounds (37%). Using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences of B. exitiosa, as well as mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (CO1) sequences of O. chilensis from the same sites plus other key O. chilensis growing areas (Tasman Bay and Chatham Islands), we compared the genetic structure of host and parasite. B. exitiosa displayed genetic structure across all three sites which were reflected in populations of O. chilensis except for gene flow between Tasman Bay-Marlborough Sounds-Chatham Islands. The observed patterns reflect the host specificity of Bonamia parasites and the limited dispersal capability of oysters. O. chilensis may experience long distance dispersal which is likely influenced by oceanographic factors. Nonetheless, a failure to detect Bonamia parasites among genetically connected O. chilensis populations suggests natural long distance co-dispersal of Bonamia parasites with O. chilensis is unlikely. Instead, the dispersal of Bonamia parasites is likely influenced by anthropogenic factors.
Journal Article
An Organizational Learning Framework: From Intuition to Institution
Although interest in organizational learning has grown dramatically in recent years, a general theory of organizational learning has remained elusive. Renewal of the overall enterprise as the underlying phenomenon of interest and organization learning is identified as a principal means to this end. With this perspective, a framework for the process of organizational learning is developed, presenting organizational learning as 4 processes - intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalizing - linking the individual, group, and organizational levels.
Journal Article
Meaningful changes in motor function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): A multi-center study
Evaluations of treatment efficacy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a rare genetic disease that results in progressive muscle wasting, require an understanding of the ‘meaningfulness’ of changes in functional measures. We estimated the minimal detectable change (MDC) for selected motor function measures in ambulatory DMD, i.e., the minimal degree of measured change needed to be confident that true underlying change has occurred rather than transient variation or measurement error. MDC estimates were compared across multiple data sources, representing >1000 DMD patients in clinical trials and real-world clinical practice settings. Included patients were ambulatory, aged ≥4 to <18 years and receiving steroids. Minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) for worsening were also estimated. Estimated MDC thresholds for >80% confidence in true change were 2.8 units for the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score, 1.3 seconds for the 4-stair climb (4SC) completion time, 0.36 stairs/second for 4SC velocity and 36.3 meters for the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD). MDC estimates were similar across clinical trial and real-world data sources, and tended to be slightly larger than MCIDs for these measures. The identified thresholds can be used to inform endpoint definitions, or as benchmarks for monitoring individual changes in motor function in ambulatory DMD.
Journal Article
Translating Theory into Practice: Developing Global Leaders through Undergraduate Experiential Education
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades CEO surveys have consistently identified a shortage of global leadership capability as a limiting factor in global expansion. At the same time, business schools have also come to recognize the need to develop global leadership in their graduates. The Global Leadership Expertise Development (GLED) model proposes a framework and process for developing global leadership competencies in a corporate setting. We describe how we applied this model in a higher education context, in the process transforming a more common approach to international business (IB) education into an experientially-intensive global leadership development program. Adopting elements of Kolb’ experiential learning theory (ELT) as well as concepts of instructional scaffolding and “red threads,” the program emphasizes personal development. Early analysis of the program’s impact points to substantial progress in developing global leader competencies in undergraduate business students.
Book Chapter
Towards remote surveillance of marine pests: A comparison between remote operated vehicles and diver surveys
Early detection of marine invasive species is key for mitigating and managing their impacts to marine ecosystems and industries. Human divers are considered the gold standard tool for detecting marine invasive species, especially when dive teams are familiar with the local biodiversity. However, diver operations can be expensive and dangerous, and are not always practical. Remote operated vehicles (ROVs) can potentially overcome these limitations, but it is unclear how sensitive they are compared to trained divers for detecting pests. We assessed the sensitivity and efficiency of ROVs and divers for detecting marine non-indigenous species (NIS), including the potential for automated detection algorithms to reduce post-processing costs of ROV methods. We show that ROVs can detect comparable assemblages of invasive species as divers, but with lower detection rates (0.2 NIS min -1 ) than divers (0.5 NIS min -1 ) and covered less seafloor than divers per unit time. While small invertebrates (e.g., skeleton shrimp Caprella mutica ) were more easily detected by divers, the invasive goby Acentrogobius pflaumii was only detected by the ROV. We show that implementation of computer vision algorithms can provide accurate identification of larger biofouling organisms and reduce overall survey costs, yet the relative costs of ROV surveys remain almost twice that of diver surveys. We expect that as ROV technologies improve and investment in autonomous and semi-autonomous underwater vehicles increases, much of the current inefficiencies of ROVs will be mitigated, yet practitioners should be aware of limitations in taxonomic resolution and the strengths of specialist diver teams.
Journal Article
Benefits of Autoantibody Enrichment in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Analysis of Efficacy Outcomes in Four Pooled Abatacept Trials
Introduction
The efficacy of abatacept is enhanced in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive versus -negative patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Four early RA abatacept trials were analyzed to understand the differential impact of abatacept among patients with SeroPositive Early and Active RA (SPEAR) compared to non-SPEAR patients.
Methods
Pooled patient-level data from AGREE, AMPLE, AVERT, and AVERT-2 were analyzed. Patients were classified as SPEAR if they were ACPA +, RF +, disease duration < 1 year, and Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 3.2 at baseline; non-SPEAR otherwise. Outcomes included: American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20/50/70 at week 24; mean change from baseline to week 24 for DAS28 (CRP), Simple Disease Activity Index (SDAI), ACR core components; DAS28 (CRP) and SDAI remission. Adjusted regression analyses among abatacept-treated patients compared SPEAR and non-SPEAR patients, and in full trial population estimating how the efficacy of abatacept versus comparators [adalimumab + methotrexate, methotrexate] was modified by SPEAR status.
Results
The study included 1400 SPEAR and 673 non-SPEAR patients; most were female (79.35%), white (77.38%), and with a mean age 49.26 (SD 12.86) years old. Around half with non-SPEAR were RF + and three-quarters ACPA +. Stronger improvements from baseline to week 24 were observed in almost all outcomes for abatacept-treated SPEAR versus non-SPEAR patients or versus SPEAR patients treated with comparators. Larger improvements were observed for SPEAR patients among the abatacept-treated population, and more strongly improved efficacy among SPEAR patients for abatacept than comparators.
Conclusions
This analysis, including large patient numbers of early-RA abatacept trials, confirmed beneficial treatment effects of abatacept in patients with SPEAR versus non-SPEAR.
Journal Article
The Psychic Distance Paradox
Companies tend to begin their internationalization process in countries that are 'psychically' close. Researchers describe the sequence of entry that firms follow and the mode of entry they choose. They suggest that psychically close countries are more easily understood than distant ones; and offer more familiar operating environments. Although not prescriptive, an unstated conclusion can be drawn linking sequence of entry to performance. Evidence from thirty-two Canadian retail companies shows that only seven (22%) were functioning successfully in the United States. The psychic distance paradox is that operations in psychically close countries are not necessarily easy to manage, because assumptions of similarity can prevent executives from learning about critical differences. Moreover, empirical evidence from 271 CEOs confirms greater cultural differences between Canada and the U.S. than assumed previously. Modifications are suggested to improve the psychic distance concept.
Journal Article