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السكتة الدماغية
يتناول هذا الكتاب السكتات الدماغية. فالسكتة الدماغية تحدث حين يتعرض جزء من الدماغ للضرر نتيجة نقص تدفق الدم إليه أو تمزق وعاء دموي، أي حدوث نزيف في الدماغ. وتؤدي بعض السكتات الدماغية إلى انهيار المصاب وفقدانه الوعي فجأة. وغالبا ما ينتج هذا النوع من السكتات عن نزيف كبير في الدماغ. وما لا شك فيه أن السكتة الدماغية ليست عرضا، بل غالبا ما تنتج عن عقود من تمزق واهتراء وانسداد الأوعية التي تغذي الدماغ بالدماء. ومع ذلك فلا يزال مصطلح \"حادث الأوعية الدماغي\" شائعا في وصف هذه الحالة. يخلط كثيرون ما بين السكتة الدماغية والنوبة القلبية. وعلى الرغم من وجود تشابه بينهما، إلا أن النوبة القلبية تنتج عن انسداد في الأوعية الدموية الموجودة في الدماغ. وتترافق النوبات القلبية بألم مفاجىء بالصدر والذراع بالإضافة إلى الشعور بالغثيان والدوار، فيما لا يصاحب السكتات الدماغية ألم، ولكن أعراض مختلفة، بما في ذلك فقدان مفاجىء للحركة ومشاكل في الحديث والرؤية والتوازن.
Book
Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science
Since Freud, clinicians have understood that disturbing memories contribute to psychopathology and that new emotional experiences contribute to therapeutic change. Yet, controversy remains about what is truly essential to bring about psychotherapeutic change. Mounting evidence from empirical studies suggests that emotional arousal is a key ingredient in therapeutic change in many modalities. In addition, memory seems to play an important role but there is a lack of consensus on the role of understanding what happened in the past in bringing about therapeutic change. The core idea of this paper is that therapeutic change in a variety of modalities, including behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy, results from the updating of prior emotional memories through a process of reconsolidation that incorporates new emotional experiences. We present an integrated memory model with three interactive components – autobiographical (event) memories, semantic structures, and emotional responses – supported by emerging evidence from cognitive neuroscience on implicit and explicit emotion, implicit and explicit memory, emotion-memory interactions, memory reconsolidation, and the relationship between autobiographical and semantic memory. We propose that the essential ingredients of therapeutic change include: (1) reactivating old memories; (2) engaging in new emotional experiences that are incorporated into these reactivated memories via the process of reconsolidation; and (3) reinforcing the integrated memory structure by practicing a new way of behaving and experiencing the world in a variety of contexts. The implications of this new, neurobiologically grounded synthesis for research, clinical practice, and teaching are discussed.
Journal Article
Levels of Emotional Awareness: Theory and Measurement of a Socio-Emotional Skill
Emotional awareness is the ability to conceptualize and describe one’s own emotions and those of others. Over thirty years ago, a cognitive-developmental theory of emotional awareness patterned after Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was created as well as a performance measure of this ability called the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). Since then, a large number of studies have been completed in healthy volunteers and clinical populations including those with mental health or systemic medical disorders. Along the way, there have also been further refinements and adaptations of the LEAS such as the creation of a digital version in addition to further advances in the theory itself. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the evolving theoretical background, measurement methods, and empirical findings with the LEAS. The LEAS is a reliable and valid measure of emotional awareness. Evidence suggests that emotional awareness facilitates better emotion self-regulation, better ability to navigate complex social situations and enjoy relationships, and better physical and mental health. This is a relatively new but promising area of research in the domain of socio-emotional skills. The paper concludes with some recommendations for future research.
Journal Article
Doing more digital humanities : open approaches to creation, growth, and development
\"As digital media, tools, and techniques continue to impact and advance the humanities, Doing More Digital Humanities provides practical information on how to do digital humanities work. This book offers: A comprehensive, practical guide to the digital humanities ; Accessible introductions, which in turn provide the grounding for the more advanced chapters within the book ; An overview of core competencies, to help research teams, administrators, and allied groups, make informed decisions about suitable collaborators, skills development, and workflow ; Guidance for individuals, collaborative teams, and academic managers who support digital humanities researchers ; Contextualized case studies, including examples of projects, tools, centres, labs, and research clusters ; Resources for starting digital humanities projects, including links to further readings, training materials and exercises, and resources beyond ; Additional augmented content that complements the guidance and case studies in Doing Digital Humanities\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
How Is Emotional Awareness Related to Emotion Regulation Strategies and Self-Reported Negative Affect in the General Population?
The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) as a performance task discriminates between implicit or subconscious and explicit or conscious levels of emotional awareness. An impaired awareness of one's feeling states may influence emotion regulation strategies and self-reports of negative emotions. To determine this influence, we applied the LEAS and self-report measures for emotion regulation strategies and negative affect in a representative sample of the German general population.
A short version of the LEAS, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), assessing reappraisal and suppression as emotion regulation strategies, were presented to N = 2524 participants of a representative German community study. The questionnaire data were analyzed with regard to the level of emotional awareness.
LEAS scores were independent from depression, but related to self-reported anxiety. Although of small or medium effect size, different correlational patters between emotion regulation strategies and negative affectivity were related to implict and explict levels of emotional awareness. In participants with implicit emotional awareness, suppression was related to higher anxiety and depression, whereas in participants with explicit emotional awareness, in addition to a positive relationship of suppression and depression, we found a negative relationship of reappraisal to depression. These findings were independent of age. In women high use of suppression and little use of reappraisal were more strongly related to negative affect than in men.
Our first findings suggest that conscious awareness of emotions may be a precondition for the use of reappraisal as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy. They encourage further research in the relation between subconsious and conscious emotional awareness and the prefarance of adaptive or maladaptive emotion regulation strategies The correlational trends found in a representative sample of the general population may become more pronounced in clinical samples.
Journal Article
The integrated metallicity profile of the Milky Way
The heavy element abundance profiles of galaxies place stringent constraints on galaxy growth and assembly history. As the Milky Way is currently the only spiral galaxy in which we can measure temporally resolved chemical abundances, it enables insights into the origin of metallicity gradients and their correlation with the growth history of galaxies. However, until now, these abundance profiles have not been translated into the integrated-light measurements that are needed to compare the Milky Way with the general galaxy population. Here we report the measurement of the light-weighted, integrated stellar metallicity profile of our Galaxy. We find that the integrated stellar metallicity profile of the Milky Way has a ∧-like broken shape, with a mildly positive gradient inside a Galactocentric radius of 7 kpc and a steep negative gradient outside. This broken integrated metallicity profile of the Milky Way is not unique but is not common among Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies observed in the MaNGA survey and simulated in the TNG50 cosmological simulation. Our results suggest that the Milky Way might not have a typical metallicity distribution for a galaxy of its mass, and thus offers valuable insight into the rich variety of galaxy enrichment processes.The authors compute the gradient of the Milky Way’s heavy elements as though they were viewing our Galaxy from the outside. This will allow astronomers to compare Galactic measurements with those for other galaxies to understand how typical the Milky Way is.
Journal Article
Psychopathic tendencies are selectively associated with reduced emotional awareness in the context of early adversity
It is unclear at present whether psychopathic tendencies are associated with lower or higher levels of emotional awareness (EA). Given that psychopathy includes a proficiency for manipulating others, one might expect an elevated ability to identify and use information about others’ emotions. On the other hand, empathic deficits in psychopathy could arise from reduced emotional awareness. Further, heterogeneity in psychopathy may also play a role, wherein ‘secondary’ psychopathy is associated with early adversity and high negative affect, while ‘primary’ psychopathy is not. In this paper, we tested the relationship between EA and psychopathic tendencies in 177 undergraduate students (40 males) who completed the levels of emotional awareness scale (LEAS), the triarchic psychopathy measure (TPM), the affective (empathy-related) subscales of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and two measures of early adversity: the childhood experiences of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA) and the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). We found that lower LEAS scores were associated with higher TPM and lower IRI empathy scores, but these relationships were primarily present in those with early adversity and high negative affect. This suggests that lower EA may be selectively associated with higher levels of secondary psychopathy, while those with higher levels of primary psychopathy remain capable of higher EA.
Journal Article
Alexithymia 3.0: reimagining alexithymia from a medical perspective
Background
Although alexithymia research has greatly expanded in recent decades, our ability to treat it clinically remains limited. This article provides a new perspective on why that may be true and offers a fresh approach to clinical intervention.
Summary
The recent distinction between the agnosia and anomia subtypes of alexithymia, coupled with the introduction of the three-process model of emotional awareness (consisting of affective response generation, affective response representation and cognitive control), suggests that alexithymia is a phenotype that includes a spectrum of deficits that vary in their underlying neurobiology. This advance creates the opportunity to improve our ability to treat alexithymia. In the history of medicine major advances in the ability to provide effective treatments became possible once the relevant underlying morbid anatomy and physiology were discovered and the different causes of a common clinical phenotype were identified. The author suggests that we may now be entering a new era of this type in alexithymia research and clinical care. According to this perspective, Era 1.0 consisted of the pioneering clinical observations of abnormalities in emotional functioning culminating in the consensus definition of alexithymia in Heidelberg in 1976. Era 2.0 from 1976 to the present has consisted of empirical studies in which sound psychometric measures based on this clinical phenotype have been used in combination with clinical assessments and objective measures such as emotion recognition ability, peripheral physiology and neuroimaging. We may now be entering Era 3.0 in which a new model of an alexithymia spectrum grounded in brain-body interactions can transcend the constraints of a phenotype standard and provide a guide for personalized clinical care targeting the specific deficits present in a given individual. This new approach is meant to supplement rather than replace existing research and clinical practices.
Conclusion
This new era constitutes a medical perspective in three ways: 1) a focus on underlying neurobiology and associated clinical manifestations rather than an overarching phenotype; 2) a focus on the mechanisms of brain-body interactions associated with alexithymia that lead to adverse outcomes in systemic medical disorders; 3) clinical treatments directed at the specific deficits present in any given case.
Journal Article