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To examine the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and children’s obesogenic behaviors (meeting recommendations for sleep duration and screen time) in a representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents. This study assessed data from the 2019–2020 National Survey of Children’s Health. Separate multinomial logistic regressions examined the likelihood of failing to meet sleep and screen time recommendations given individual and cumulative ACE scores. 15,581 children (48% female, 32% non-White) experienced one ACE, representing 32% of the analyzed sample. Parents reported financial hardship as the most prevalent ACE (48%). After adjusting for child race/ethnicity, sex of the child, highest education in the household, and child age, we found that participants with four or more ACEs were (1) age-specific sleep recommendations compared with participants with zero ACEs (OR 1.96; 95%CI = 1.64–2.35), and (2) more likely to fall short of meeting screen use recommendations compared with participants with zero ACEs (OR 1.61; 95%CI = 1.26–2.07). U.S. children and adolescents who have experienced four or more ACEs are significantly more likely to fall short of sleep and screen time recommendations compared to their counterparts who experienced zero ACEs. Given the strong associations between ACEs and health outcomes in adulthood, screening for ACEs may better inform practitioners when attempting to improve youth health outcomes.

Skeletal muscle is critical for maintaining mobility, independence, and metabolic health in older adults. However, a common feature of aging is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, which is often accompanied by mitochondrial impairments, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Exercise improves muscle strength, mitochondrial health, and cardiorespiratory fitness, but older adults often exhibit attenuated anabolic responses to acute exercise. Chronic inflammation associated with aging may contribute to this “anabolic resistance” and therapeutic interventions that target inflammation may improve exercise responsiveness. To this end, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of 6 months of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) supplementation on skeletal muscle function (mass, strength), mitochondrial physiology (respiration, ATP production, ROS generation), and acute exercise responsiveness at the level of the muscle (fractional synthesis rate) and the whole-body (amino acid kinetics) in healthy older adults. When compared with a corn oil placebo (n = 33; 71.5 ± 4.8 years), older adults treated with 4 g/day n3-PUFA (n = 30; 71.4 ± 4.5 years) exhibited modest but significant increases in muscle strength (3.1 ± 14.7% increase in placebo vs. 7.5 ± 14.1% increase in n3-PUFA; p = 0.039). These improvements in muscle strength with n3-PUFA supplementation occurred in the absence of any effects on mitochondrial function and a minor attenuation of the acute response to exercise compared to placebo. Together, these data suggest modest benefits of dietary n3-PUFAs to muscle function in healthy older adults. Future studies may elucidate whether n3-PUFA supplementation improves the exercise response in elderly individuals with co-morbidities, such as chronic inflammatory disease or sarcopenia.

The detection of hidden explosives has become an issue of utmost importance in recent years. While terrorism is not new to the international community, recent terrorist attacks have raised the issue of detection of explosives and have generated a great demand for rapid, sensitive and reliable methods for detecting hidden explosives. Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives covers recent advances in this area of research including vapor and trace detection techniques (chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical methods and micromechanical sensors, such as microcantilevers) and bulk detection techniques (neutron techniques, nuclear quadrupole resonance, x-ray diffraction imaging, millimeter-wave imaging, terahertz imaging and laser techniques). This book will be of interest to any scientists involved in the design and application of security screening technologies including new sensors and detecting devices which will prevent the smuggling of bombs and explosives. * Covers latest advances in vapor and trace detection techniques and bulk detection techniques* Reviews both current techniques and those in advanced stages of development* Techniques that are described in detail, including its principles of operation, as well as its applications in the detection of explosives

The effect of DMPA on bone mineral density (BMD) has been clearly demonstrated in numerous studies, but like the effect of pregnancy and lactation on BMD, the BMD decline seen with DMPA use has been shown to be largely reversible and does not appear to cause any increase in fracture risk.

Background: Energetic quarks in nuclear DIS propagate through the nuclear medium. Processes that are believed to occur inside nuclei include quark energy loss through medium-stimulated gluon bremsstrahlung and intra-nuclear interactions of forming hadrons. More data are required to gain a more complete understanding of these effects. Purpose: To test the theoretical models of parton transport and hadron formation, we compared their predictions for the nuclear and kinematic dependence of pion production in nuclei. Methods: We have measured charged-pion production in semi-inclusive DIS off D, C, Fe, and Pb using the CLAS detector and the CEBAF 5.014 GeV electron beam. We report results on the nuclear-to-deuterium multiplicity ratio for \\(\\pi^{+}\\) and \\(\\pi^{-}\\) as a function of energy transfer, four-momentum transfer, and pion energy fraction or transverse momentum - the first three-dimensional study of its kind. Results: The \\(\\pi^{+}\\) multiplicity ratio is found to depend strongly on the pion fractional energy \\(z\\), and reaches minimum values of \\(0.67\\pm0.03\\), \\(0.43\\pm0.02\\), and \\(0.27\\pm0.01\\) for the C, Fe, and Pb targets, respectively. The \\(z\\) dependences of the multiplicity ratios for \\(\\pi^{+}\\) and \\(\\pi^{-}\\) are equal within uncertainties for C and Fe targets but show differences at the level of 10\\(\\%\\) for the Pb-target data. The results are qualitatively described by the GiBUU transport model, as well as with a model based on hadron absorption, but are in tension with calculations based on nuclear fragmentation functions. Conclusions: These precise results will strongly constrain the kinematic and flavor dependence of nuclear effects in hadron production, probing an unexplored kinematic region. They will help to reveal how the nucleus reacts to a fast quark, thereby shedding light on its color structure, transport properties, and on the mechanisms of the hadronization process.

We demonstrate rapid, high-fidelity state preparation and measurement in exchange-only Si/SiGe triple-quantum-dot qubits. Fast measurement integration (\\(980\\) ns) and initialization (\\(\\approx 300\\) ns) operations are performed with all-electrical, baseband control. We emphasize a leakage-sensitive joint initialization and measurement metric, developed in the context of exchange-only qubits but applicable more broadly, and report an infidelity of \\(2.5\\pm0.5\\times 10^{-3}\\). This result is enabled by a high-valley-splitting heterostructure, initialization at the 2-to-3 electron charge boundary, and careful assessment and mitigation of \\(T_1\\) during spin-to-charge conversion. The ultimate fidelity is limited by a number of comparably-important factors, and we identify clear paths towards further improved fidelity and speed. Along with an observed single-qubit randomized benchmarking error rate of \\(1.7\\times 10^{-3}\\), this work demonstrates initialization, control, and measurement of Si/SiGe triple-dot qubits at fidelities and durations which are promising for scalable quantum information processing.

We suggest to use the Hubble Space Telescople (HST) follow-up observations of the TESS targets for detecting possible plasma tori along the orbits of exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs. The source of the torus could be planetary volcanic activity due to tidal or electromagnetic induction heating. Fast losses to space for planets orbiting these active stars can lead to the lost material forming a torus along the planetary orbit, similar to the Io plasma torus. We show that such torus would be potentially detectable by the HST in the UV.

Although genomic sequencing has been transformative in the study of rare genetic diseases, identifying causal variants remains a considerable challenge that can be addressed in part by new gene-specific knowledge. Here, we integrate measures of how essential a gene is to supporting life, as inferred from the comprehensive viability and phenotyping screens performed on knockout mice by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium and from human cell line essentiality screens. We propose a novel, cross-species gene classification across the Full Spectrum of Intolerance to Loss-of-function (FUSIL) and demonstrate that genes in five mutually exclusive FUSIL categories have differing characteristics in the biological processes they regulate, tissue expression levels and human mutation rates. Most notably, Mendelian disease genes, particularly those associated with developmental disorders, are highly overrepresented in the developmental lethal category, representing genes not essential for cell survival but required for organism development. Exploiting this finding, we have screened developmental disorder cases from three independent disease sequencing consortia and identified potentially pathogenic, de novo variants shared in different patients for several developmental lethal genes that have not previously been associated with rare disease. We therefore propose FUSIL as an efficient resource for disease gene discovery.

High-throughput phenomic projects typically generate complex data from small treatment and large control groups. These control groups increase the power of the analyses but introduce variation over time. A method is needed to locally select controls that maximise the analytic power while minimising the noise level from unspecified environmental factors. Here we introduce \"soft windowing\", a methodological approach that selects a window of time to accommodates the most appropriate controls for analysis. Using phenotype data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), adaptive windows are applied so that control data collected locally to mutants are assigned the maximal weight, while data collected earlier or later has less weight. We apply this method to IMPC data and compare the results with those obtained by applying a standard non-windowed approach. Following a resampling approach in which samples of equal size and structure to that of mutants are drawn from control data, we demonstrate a 10% reduction of false positives from 2.5 million analyses. Further, we applied the method as part of the IMPC statistical pipeline that seeks to establish gene-phenotype associations by comparing mutants vs control data. We report an increase of 30% in the total significant p-values, as well as 106 vs 99 disease models with the soft-windowed and non-windowed approaches, respectively, from a set of 2,082 mutant mouse lines. Our method is generalisable and can benefit other large-scale phenomic projects such as the UK Biobank and the All of Us resources. Footnotes * https://wwwdev.ebi.ac.uk/mi/impc/dev/phenotype-archive/media/images/windowing/