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Maintaining self-sustaining populations of zoo and aquarium collections can be challenged when natural reproduction fails within mixed-sex populations; however, reproductive success can sometimes be restored with the application of reproductive technologies. Among a population of three female and one male Zebra Sharks ( Stegostoma tigrinum ), production of young failed despite constant male presence with two of the females. To determine if assisted techniques could be used to rescue sexual reproduction, artificial insemination was performed in a singleton female twice over a three-year period using freshly collected semen. Hatching success for eggs laid by all three females was monitored to compare natural and artificial insemination modes. After the first insemination (December 15 th , 2011), 143 yolked eggs resulted in no sexually produced offspring and four genetically-confirmed, parthenogenetic offspring. After the second insemination (September 24 th , 2013), 62 yolked eggs resulted in two sexually produced offspring, 18 and 33 days after insemination, and three parthenogenetic offspring > 213 days post-insemination. For the two females housed with the male, no sexual offspring resulted. All females produced at least one hatched parthenote. This study successfully employed artificial insemination to circumvent barriers to natural reproduction in Zebra Sharks. With further development, artificial insemination represents a powerful tool that could be used for maintaining genetic diversity for animals housed in aquaria and conservation-based breeding programs for elasmobranchs.

Introduction: This study examined whether the standard measure of cigar use in adolescents could be improved by the addition of a brand-specific example. Methods: In 2002, prevalence of tobacco use was assessed in six midwestern U.S. high schools using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The survey was readministered to the same schools in 2004, with the brand name \"Black and Milds\" added to the item measuring cigar use. Changes in local prevalence rates were compared with national rates. Results: Local rates of cigar and cigarette use in 2002 were consistent with national rates reported in 2003. In 2004, when the cigar item was modified to include a brand-specific example, the percentage of students reporting cigar use nearly doubled-from 12.9% to 20.7%. This difference was particularly notable among Black teens. During the same period, local rates of cigarette use remained constant, as did national rates of reported cigar and cigarette use. Discussion: Results suggest that the current national survey item may not adequately measure cigar use. Accordingly, prevalence of cigar use among adolescents may be greatly underestimated, especially among Black youth.

Objective: To examine public health implications of adolescent use of cigars only, cigarettes only, and both cigarettes and cigars.Methods: A cross-sectional health risk survey was administered to a random sample of 4486 high school students in a Midwestern county.Results: More adolescents reported using both cigarettes and cigars (10.6) than cigar-only (7.4) or cigarette-only (6.4). Product of initiation was associated with current product use. Dual use was associated with more frequent use of both products, high stress, and susceptibility to future cigarette use.Conclusion: Assessing cigarette use without examining cigar use overlooks a critical dimension of adolescent tobacco use.

Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia is a rare but serious cardiac arrhythmia seen in neonates and young infants. It is frequently resistant and refractory to first-line treatment options such as cardioversion with adenosine and direct current shock, and it carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. The aim of this article is to present the case of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia observed in a 14-day-old neonate, highlighting the role of ivabradine in the management, followed by a discussion about current approaches to treatment.

IntroductionStudents presently rely on the internet both as a data source and for educational needs; therefore, medical education should embrace changes in the learning landscape in light of technological advancements [1]. The RCSI Paediatrics undergraduate programme utilises an e-learning platform to support and reinforce didactic teaching.A quality audit of RCSI’s Paediatric e-learning platform was conducted 2015 to 2018. In 2015, 75% of students surveyed reported poor platform accessibility, difficulty finding the desired information, and out-dated content.AimTo identify effective ways of utilising an e-learning platform and improve support for learning and teaching online.MethodsStudents were surveyed (n=330) and stakeholder meetings (n=20) were conducted to discuss and better understand our learners and their learning needs. User reports from the e-learning platform indicated changes in users’ frequency of access and duration online.ResultsFeedback in 2015 showed student engagement and satisfaction were poor. To address this problem, students were surveyed and asked to identify aspects of the e-learning environment they liked and which could be improved.Effort were made to identify e-learning platform areas requiring attention. By 2018 following implementation of platform improvements, there was a 79% increase in student visits.Improvements included usability, making the e-learning platform layout and organisation more user friendly; compatibility, improving compatibility across interfaces for better access on mobile devices; diversity, creating multimedia content allowing users to select the media options that best suit their learning needs; medical educational videos, created to demonstrate how to conduct a physical exam, take patient history, and communicate and interact with patients and their parents; and self-directed learning, students take increasing responsibility for their learning [2]. Gaining independent learning skills aid students in becoming lifelong, self-directed learners [3].ConclusionThis audit aimed to improve medical students’ user experience and create a helpful e-learning environment to prepare future paediatricians. The 2018 user reports and student feedback showed greater student satisfaction and higher e-learning engagement.ReferencesRuiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM. The impact of e-learning in medical education. Academic medicine. 2006 Mar 1;81(3):207–12.Jasper MA. The potential of the professional portfolio for nursing. J Clin Nurs 1995;4:249–55.Morris, A. P., Highet, L. J, and Frazer S. E (2010) Using ePortfolios to support clinical training in paediatrics. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2010;95:157–164. doi:10.1136/158 adc.2008.142265

BackgroundChild eating behaviours can negatively contribute to the development of childhood obesity. This study investigated associations between breastfeeding habits, maternal eating behaviours and child eating behaviours, in 5-year-old children.MethodsSecundigravida women were recruited to the ROLO dietary randomised controlled trial (Dublin, Ireland) and were followed up with their children to 5 years of age. Breastfeeding exposure and duration were obtained at postnatal and infant follow-up at 2 and 6 months and 2 and 5 years. At 5 years, maternal and child eating behaviours were measured using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, respectively. Regression determined associations between breastfeeding habits and maternal eating behaviours with child eating behaviours, controlling for RCT group, maternal education level, maternal BMI at 5 years, childcare exposure and child BMI centile at 5-year follow-up.ResultsThere were 230 mother and child pairs analysed. One hundred and fifty-eight mothers had initiated breastfeeding. Median breastfeeding duration was 22 (IQR 33) weeks. Children who were never breastfed were more likely to express a desire to drink (B = −1.01, p = 0.022). Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower food responsiveness (B = −1.71, p = 0.003). Maternal uncontrolled eating was positively associated with child food responsiveness, emotional overeating and emotional undereating (B = 0.21, p < 0.001; B = 0.14, p = 0.005; B = 0.14, p = 0.005, respectively). Maternal emotional eating was associated with child emotional overeating and undereating (B = 0.27, p < 0.001, B = 0.29, p = 0.004, respectively).ConclusionNot breastfeeding and short breastfeeding duration may contribute to the development of obesogenic eating behaviours in children, alongside maternal eating behaviours including uncontrolled and emotional eating. These ‘food approach’ eating behaviours may increase risk of overweight/obesity as they are associated with increased energy intake, hence the importance of research surrounding eating behaviours.

Understand how multigenerational family relationships can benefit all generations! Intergenerational Relationships: Conversations on Practice and Research Across Cultures focuses on how family and community relationships are affected by pressing social problems. Respected international authorities reveal how cultures from Africa, Asia, the US, and Europe value connections among people of different ages and how these relationships are used to address crucial social problems. Insightful research bridges multiple disciplines to provide a unique perspective demonstrating the benefits of intergenerational relationships. Intergenerational Relationships: Conversations on Practice and Research Across Cultures presents a variety of approaches to social and intergenerational issues from international authors. The book discusses issues in two intergenerational categories: relationships in families and relationships in communities. The diverse range of content presents an enlightened view of the transformation of societies by modern technologies and illustrates the importance of maintaining a firm cultural identity through the relationships of different age groups. The view that the interdependence of multiple generations and society's common goals are inseparable is discussed in papers that explore rites of passage, language transfer, art and literature, community events, and research. Intergenerational Relationships: Conversations on Practice and Research Across Cultures explores: the devastation of intergenerational relationships in Nigeria because of AIDS intergenerational cultural transmission among the Akan of Ghana African views of elders in folklore and literature transitional changes in contemporary intergenerational relationships in India the construction of future theories of intergenerational relationships intergenerational initiatives in Sweden faith-based he

This study aims to call attention to First Ring suburban communities as a unique and unrecognized population and to characterize health risk behaviors of adolescents within these communities. A risk behavior profile of the First Ring suburbs surrounding a large Midwestern city is presented and compared to the frequency of these behaviors in a national sample. In 2002, a representative sample of 3428 high school students from First Ring suburban communities in an urban county completed the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A 20-item risk score composed of \"current\" risk behaviors was compiled in order to compare the relative number of risk behaviors exhibited by the First Ring schools to a 2001 national sample. Prevalence of individual behaviors was also determined and compared to data collected nationally. Prevalence was further subdivided by gender, race, and grade in order to explore risk groups within First Ring suburbs. Despite the perception that the \"urbanization\" of First Ring suburbs is synonymous with \"urban\" problems and risk behaviors, First Ring students reported significantly fewer current risk behaviors than did students nationally. Significant differences in behavior were found between First Ring and national gender and racial groups. Some patterns of behavior within gender and racial groups differed from national patterns. The commonly held presumption that First Ring suburbs are riskier for students due to increased urbanization of these communities appears unfounded. The contribution of these destructive misperceptions to social migration away from urban centers and the need for local data collection are discussed.

IntroductionObesity is a global condition affecting both adults and children. Mothers play an important role in identifying problems with their child's weight. However, studies are limited on the accuracy of maternal perceptions of her child's weight status in early childhood. The aim of this study was to look at maternal perceptions of her child's weight status in 5-year-old children and to investigate factors influencing this.Materials and Methods339 mother and child pairs were followed up from the ROLO Kids study in the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Height and weight of the mother and the child were measured, and BMI was calculated. Demographic details were collected and questionnaires asked mothers to assign their child to a weight category and to give the reason they put their child in this particular category. KAPPA analysis and student t tests were used to analyse the data.ResultsIn this cohort over 75% of the children were normal weight, 14.7% were in the overweight category, and 8.5% in the obese category. The KAPPA score for maternal-perceived category and actual weight status was 0.037 which is a low level of agreement. Mothers were more likely to underestimate their child's weight, with 28.5% underestimating the appropriate weight category for their child compared with 2.4% who overestimated. Maternal age, education, and child sex did not influence accurate weight assessments; however, mothers with a higher BMI were more likely to inaccurately assess their child's weight (P < 0.05).DiscussionMaternal perception of their child's weight status is not an accurate indication of child weight, particularly for mothers with a raised BMI. This research highlights the important role of health care providers in assessing child weight status, rather than relying on parental reports alone, in order to appropriately intervene to reduce the incidence of childhood obesity.

BackgroundChildhood obesity rates have reached epidemic proportions world-wide, identifying modifiable factors to address this has become vital. Adverse child behaviour, in terms of low physical activity and high sedentary time, has increased alongside rates of over-weight and obesity. However, research on these aspects of physical health is limited in young children.Methods275 5-year-old children from the ROLO Kids study were included in this study. Parental-reported physical activity levels were collected using the CLASS questionnaire along with information on screen time. Child anthropometry including height, weight, circumferences and skinfold thickness were collected, along with heart rate and blood pressure. T-tests, Mann-Whitney U, and Chi-square tests were used to compare the participants and linear regression models were used to control for confounders.ResultsMale 5-year olds spent more time in vigorous physical activity and in front of a screen than females (P < 0.05). 37.5% of the cohort were not meeting the WHO physical activity guidelines of more than one hour per day and 73.4% were exceeding the AAP guidelines for screen time of less than one hour per day. After controlling for confounders, vigorous physical activity was positively associated with child weight and BMI, while screen time was positively associated with waist to height ratio (P < 0.05). Those meeting the guidelines for screen time also had reduced waist to height ratio (P < 0.05).ConclusionThree quarters of the cohort exceeded recommendations for screen time, which, as these findings indicate, could have a detrimental impact on body composition. Further research is required in this area to expand on the importance of physical activity and screen time in 5-year old children.