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"Larson, Pier Martin"
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Making ethnic tradition in a pre-colonial society: Culture, gender, and protest in the early Merina kingdom, 1750-1822
This dissertation is a history of the making of the Merina ethnic identity through gendered cultural politics. Chapter one explores competing interpretations and experiences of Merina culture and suggests that political culture was the central arena in which Merina ethnicity was created. Chapter two explores the history of oral traditions collected in the Merina kingdom during the 1860s and 1870s. It argues that the Tantara royal traditions are a political mythology first created as an authorized history of the kingdom at the royal court but later appropriated by rural communities and turned against the court as a discursive weapon of community defense. Chapter three demonstrates how kinship structures in central Madagascar were employed by individuals in history to create firenena descent groups and fanjakana kingdoms. The chapter also details the gender division of labor in central Madagascar during the eighteenth century, with men involved heavily in agriculture and women in domestic weaving industries. Chapter four examines the magnitude and impact of the slave trade upon central Madagascar between 1770 and 1800. The slave trade served to impoverish local communities and to foster a transformation in the gender division of labor as women left weaving industries to farm. Chapter five is a study of the politics of king Andrianampoinimerina. The chapter demonstrates that many uniquely \"Merina\" cultural practices emerged during his reign. These practices, such as new forms of domestic unions, were predicated on an increasing subordination of women. Chapter six is a study of the early reign of king Radama, showing how the new king attempted to transform the kingdom's political culture and institutionalize male power through a standing army and a new administrative apparatus. Chapter seven is a study of how several forms of rural social protest by men and women to the political innovations of Radama were central to the creation of the Merina ethnic identity. Special emphasis is placed on struggles over the representation of the source of fertility in rituals and on a women's revolt over hair-cutting in 1822.
Dissertation
CGILS: Results from the first phase of an international project to understand the physical mechanisms of low cloud feedbacks in single column models
CGILS—the CFMIP‐GASS Intercomparison of Large Eddy Models (LESs) and single column models (SCMs)—investigates the mechanisms of cloud feedback in SCMs and LESs under idealized climate change perturbation. This paper describes the CGILS results from 15 SCMs and 8 LES models. Three cloud regimes over the subtropical oceans are studied: shallow cumulus, cumulus under stratocumulus, and well‐mixed coastal stratus/stratocumulus. In the stratocumulus and coastal stratus regimes, SCMs without activated shallow convection generally simulated negative cloud feedbacks, while models with active shallow convection generally simulated positive cloud feedbacks. In the shallow cumulus alone regime, this relationship is less clear, likely due to the changes in cloud depth, lateral mixing, and precipitation or a combination of them. The majority of LES models simulated negative cloud feedback in the well‐mixed coastal stratus/stratocumulus regime, and positive feedback in the shallow cumulus and stratocumulus regime. A general framework is provided to interpret SCM results: in a warmer climate, the moistening rate of the cloudy layer associated with the surface‐based turbulence parameterization is enhanced; together with weaker large‐scale subsidence, it causes negative cloud feedback. In contrast, in the warmer climate, the drying rate associated with the shallow convection scheme is enhanced. This causes positive cloud feedback. These mechanisms are summarized as the “NESTS” negative cloud feedback and the “SCOPE” positive cloud feedback (Negative feedback from Surface Turbulence under weaker Subsidence—Shallow Convection PositivE feedback) with the net cloud feedback depending on how the two opposing effects counteract each other. The LES results are consistent with these interpretations. Key Points Reasons of negative and positive cloud feedbacks in SCMs are explained A framework is provided to interpret cloud feedbacks in models SCM results are compared with LES simulations
Journal Article