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"Last, David M"
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Peacekeeping Doctrine and Conflict Resolution Techniques
The world hopes that peacekeeping missions will not merely freeze conflicts but help to restore peace. This requires integration of the tactical and operational levels to support the strategic aim of deescalating violence and reconciling communities. Canadian experience in Cyprus shows that appropriate techniques exist at the tactical level, where peacekeepers have used arbitration, go-between mediation, and conciliation. Principled negotiation, consultation, and problem solving workshops are other techniques which might be used. Peacekeeping can do more than keep belligerents apart if it is seen as a military operation in which the enemy of the force is violent conflict and the belligerents are allies. To defeat a conflict the balance of military and civilian involvement will change as the violence diminishes.
Journal Article
Nickelodeon pandemonium! 1, Channeling fun
Collects eleven stories featuring the stars of Nickelodeon, including Sanjay and Craig, Pig, Boat, Banana, and Cricket, and Fee and Foo.
Book
Reflections from the Field: Ethical Challenges in Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Interventions
Having served as a United Nations peacekeeper in Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia and West Africa and with NATO forces in Bosnia, Major David Last reflects on the ethical dilemmas confronting members of peacekeeping forces on the ground.
Journal Article
Cooperation Between Units and Observers
The UN has signalled its intention to move away from protracted missions, and commanders and staff can deploy formed units, liaison officers and unarmed observers to handle situations. Some tactical problems experienced at sector and unit level are discussed, and solutions that involve the coordinated efforts of both observers and units are presented.
Journal Article
Report on a peace operations workshop held at the University of Maryland 15-17 February 1994
Issues discussed at a workshop on the subject of peace operations worldwide are examined. Presentations centered on four main themes--the changing nature of peace operations, military human resource issues, family support issues and senior leadership issues.
Journal Article
The future of peacekeeping: peace operations do not necessarily have the support of all the belligerants, and so they will be more difficult and dangerous than many peacekeeping missions
Peacekeeping is \"an operation involving military personnel, but without enforcement powers, established by the United Nations to help maintain or restore peace in areas of conflict.\"(f.1) The provisions for enforcement under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter do not constitute peacekeeping. There are two types of peacekeeping operation: observer missions in which unarmed officers provide the eyes and ears of the U.N., and peacekeeping forces in which units provide a range of services to the belligerents. Neither type uses force except in self - defence; they do not interfere in the internal affairs of the host state, and are neutral. There must be an international consensus supporting their mission. The belligerents must cooperate with the peacekeepers, whose mandate must be explicitly supported by the belligerents. Finally, every chance of peaceful settlement must be taken. This traditional view of peacekeeping evolved during stable years of bipolar hostility, when the superpowers tried to reduce local conflicts not in their interests. It is based upon an interpretation of Article 36 of the U.N. Charter, which is in Chapter VI, on the pacific settlement of disputes -- hence the emphasis on the consent of the parties. PEACE OPERATIONS
Magazine Article
Negotiating skills for peacekeepers
In 1964; when fighting broke out between the Greek and Turkish inhabitants of Cyprus, the United Nations sent peacekeeping forces from 11 nations. In 1974, an attempted coup by Greek Cypriot nationalists precipitated an intervention in which the Turkish army seized the northern part of the island. Since that time, the island has been divided by a U.N. controlled buffer zone running 170 km from Famagusta in the East to Paphos in the West, a few metres wide in Nicosia and up to 10 km wide in rural areas. In 1974 almost 8000 soldiers from Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, the UK, Canada, Ireland, and Australia manned or supported the buffer zone. By 1990 just 2250 from Denmark, the U.K., Austria, and Canada remained and since then both Canada and Denmark have withdrawn their forces. Until recently, David Last worked with the Canadian Contingent, developing conflict resolution techniques for peacekeepers. The U.N. company commander will normally deal with battalion commanders of the opposing forces. He will often wait until a series of minor incidents has established a pattern or until there is a single significant violation. Restrictions to the movement of U.N. patrols, for example, may be a signal that one of the parties to the conflict will dispute the location of the cease - fire line. For example, if U.N. troops do not routinely patrol down a certain back alley, they may find their way blocked one day and their platoon commander will be told that the alley is not in the buffer zone. The company commander then enters the negotiations and is offered the option of entering the alley, but only in person and with permission. To agree to this is tantamount to admitting that the opposing force owns the territory -- a concession that is hard to reverse. Still, such concessions are sometimes made because other issues are more important at the time, or to avoid compromising carefullynurtured relationships for the sake of a meter of ground here or there. On one occasion the U.N. forces found that a six - foot map of Cyprus had been painted on a road at the cease - fire line. At first, they simply drove around the map, but then it began to \"grow\" until it became nearly twelve feet long. One part of this \"magic map\" threatened to cut off the road used by U.N. patrols. If this were to happen, the buildings on the other side of the road could be reoccupied. This annoying prank was obviously intended to restrict U.N. movement. The company commander paired this violation with a similar dispute on the opposite side of the buffer zone. He was able to confront both sides about their respective encroachments; this helped to reassure them that neither side would be allowed to advance into the buffer zone. The U.N. forces increased their patrols, creatively painted out the expanded borders of the \"magic map,\" and placed barrels around its perimeter to keep it from expanding again.
Magazine Article
Snake fungal disease: an emerging threat to wild snakes
Since 2006, there has been a marked increase in the number of reports of severe and often fatal fungal skin infections in wild snakes in the eastern USA. The emerging condition, referred to as snake fungal disease (SFD), was initially documented in rattlesnakes, where the infections were believed to pose a risk to the viability of affected populations. The disease is caused by Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, a fungus recently split from a complex of fungi long referred to as the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV). Here we review the current state of knowledge about O. ophiodiicola and SFD. In addition, we provide original findings which demonstrate that O. ophiodiicola is widely distributed in eastern North America, has a broad host range, is the predominant cause of fungal skin infections in wild snakes and often causes mild infections in snakes emerging from hibernation. This new information, together with what is already available in the scientific literature, advances our knowledge of the cause, pathogenesis and ecology of SFD. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate the factors driving the emergence of this disease and develop strategies to mitigate its impacts.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.
Journal Article
Arabidopsis Map-Based Cloning in the Post-Genome Era
Map-based cloning is an iterative approach that identifies the underlying genetic cause of a mutant phenotype. The major strength of this approach is the ability to tap into a nearly unlimited resource of natural and induced genetic variation without prior assumptions or knowledge of specific genes. One begins with an interesting mutant and allows plant biology to reveal what gene or genes are involved. Three major advances in the past 2 years have made map-based cloning in Arabidopsis fairly routine: sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome, the availability of more than 50,000 markers in the Cereon Arabidopsis Polymorphism Collection, and improvements in the methods used for detecting DNA polymorphisms. Here, we describe the Cereon Collection and show how it can be used in a generic approach to mutation mapping in Arabidopsis. We present the map-based cloning of the VTC2 gene as a specific example of this approach.
Journal Article