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The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that screening for colorectal cancer with stool-based tests and with lower endoscopy (either colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy) saves lives. Comparative effectiveness data were inconclusive.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has updated its 2002 guidelines on screening for breast cancer, drawing on data from studies completed in the past 15 years. In November 2014, experts from 16 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to assess the cancer-preventive and adverse effects of different methods of screening for breast cancer. (The members of the working group for volume 15 of the IARC Handbook are listed at the end of the article; affiliations are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.) This update of the 2002 IARC handbook on breast-cancer screening 1 is timely for several reasons. Recent improvements in treatment outcomes for late-stage breast cancer and concerns regarding overdiagnosis call for reconsideration. . . .

The International Agency for Research on Cancer convened a workshop on the relationship between body fatness and cancer, from which an IARC handbook on the topic will appear. An executive summary of the evidence is presented. In April 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), based in Lyon, France, convened a working group to reassess the preventive effects of weight control on cancer risk. (The members of the working group for volume 16 of the IARC Handbooks are listed at the end of the article; affiliations are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.) Overweight and obesity are the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that present a risk to health. The body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height . . .

DCM was classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A) on the basis of limited evidence that it causes biliary-tract cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals (malignant lung and hepatocellular tumours in male and female mice).2,3,6-9 In making its overall assessment, the working group also took into account the strong evidence that DCM metabolism via glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) leads to the formation of reactive metabolites, that GSTT1 activity is strongly associated with genotoxicity of DCM in vitro and in vivo, and that GSTT1-mediated metabolism of DCM does occur in humans. DNA reactivity was evident in various genotoxicity assays, including in animals and in human cells in vitro. Because 1,3-PS does not require metabolic activation and reacts directly with DNA and other macromolecules, the working group concluded that this mechanism probably operates both in animals and humans.

This article reviews recent evidence from the International Agency for Research on Cancer on the best methods of screening for cervical cancer, including by means of conventional cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid, human papillomavirus (HPV) nucleic acid testing, and combinations of these tests. HPV nucleic acid testing was superior whether used alone or in combination with other methods.

For bladder cancer, there was no consistent evidence of an association with drinking coffee, or of an exposure-response gradient from ten cohort studies and several population-based case-control studies in Europe, the USA, and Japan.3-5 In several studies, relative risks were increased in men but were null or decreased in women, consistent with residual confounding from smoking or occupational exposures among men. Welding, welding fumes and some related chemicals IARC Monograph Working Group Members L T Stayner (USA)--meeting chair; E Milne (Australia); S Knasmüller (Austria); A Farah, L F Ribeiro Pinto (Brazil); D W Lachenmeier (Germany); C Bamia (Greece); A Tavani (Italy); M Inoue (Japan); N Djordjevic (Serbia); P C H Hollman, P A van den Brandt (Netherlands); J A Baron, E Gonzalez de Mejia, F Islami (unable to attend); C W Jameson, F Kamangar, D L McCormick, I Pogribny, I I Rusyn, R Sinha, M C Stern, K M Wilson (USA) Declaration of interests MI is the beneficiary of a financial contribution from AXA Research fund as chair holder of the AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo from Nov 1, 2012.

In a review of strategies for preventing oral cancer, an expert panel reports that the use of tobacco (both smoking and smokeless), areca nut exposure, and heavy alcohol consumption are major contributors to this illness.

Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls