Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"This volume ranges widely across the social, religious and political history of revolution in seventeenth-century Britain and Ireland, from contemporary responses to the outbreak of war to the critique of the post-regicidal regimes; from royalist counsels to Lilburne's politics; and across the three Stuart kingdoms. However, all the essays engage with a central issue - the ways in which individuals experienced the crises of mid seventeenth-century Britain and Ireland and what that tells us about the nature of the Revolution as a whole. Responding in particular to three influential lines of interpretation - local, religious and British - the contributors, all leading specialists in the field, demonstrate that to comprehend the causes, trajectory and consequences of the Revolution we must understand it as a human and dynamic experience, as a process. This volume reveals how the understanding of these personal experiences can provide the basis on which to build up larger frameworks of interpretation\"-- Provided by publisher.

X-ray fluorescence spectra obtained by the MESSENGER spacecraft orbiting Mercury indicate that the planet's surface differs in composition from those of other terrestrial planets. Relatively high Mg/Si and low Al/Si and Ca/Si ratios rule out a lunarlike feldspar-rich crust. The sulfur abundance is at least 10 times higher than that of the silicate portion of Earth or the Moon, and this observation, together with a low surface Fe abundance, supports the view that Mercury formed from highly reduced precursor materials, perhaps akin to enstatite chondrite meteorites or anhydrous cometary dust particles. Low Fe and Ti abundances do not support the proposal that opaque oxides of these elements contribute substantially to Mercury's low and variable surface reflectance.

Measurements by the Neutron Spectrometer on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft show decreases in the flux of epithermal and fast neutrons from Mercury's north polar region that are consistent with the presence of water ice in permanently shadowed regions. The neutron data indicate that Mercury's radar-bright polar deposits contain, on average, a hydrogen-rich layer more than tens of centimeters thick beneath a surficial layer 10 to 30 cm thick that is less rich in hydrogen. Combined neutron and radar data are best matched if the buried layer consists of nearly pure water ice. The upper layer contains less than 25 weight % water-equivalent hydrogen. The total mass of water at Mercury's poles is inferred to be 2 × 10 16 to 10 18 grams and is consistent with delivery by comets or volatile-rich asteroids.

Using Dawn's Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector, we tested models of Vesta's evolution based on studies of howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites. Global Fe/O and Fe/Si ratios are consistent with HED compositions. Neutron measurements confirm that a thick, diogenitic lower crust is exposed in the Rheasilvia basin, which is consistent with global magmatic differentiation. Vesta's regolith contains substantial amounts of hydrogen. The highest hydrogen concentrations coincide with older, low-albedo regions near the equator, where water ice is unstable. The young, Rheasilvia basin contains the lowest concentrations. These observations are consistent with gradual accumulation of hydrogen by infall of carbonaceous chondrites—observed as clasts in some howardites—and subsequent removal or burial of this material by large impacts.

The MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer measured the average surface abundances of the radioactive elements potassium (K, 1150 ± 220 parts per million), thorium (Th, 220 ± 60 parts per billion), and uranium (U, 90 ± 20 parts per billion) in Mercury's northern hemisphere. The abundance of the moderately volatile element K, relative to Th and U, is inconsistent with physical models for the formation of Mercury requiring extreme heating of the planet or its precursor materials, and supports formation from volatile-containing material comparable to chondritic meteorites. Abundances of K, Th, and U indicate that internal heat production has declined substantially since Mercury's formation, consistent with widespread volcanism shortly after the end of late heavy bombardment 3.8 billion years ago and limited, isolated volcanic activity since.

A technique for converting gamma‐ray count rates measured by the Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer on the MESSENGER spacecraft to spatially resolved maps of the gamma‐ray emission from the surface of Mercury is utilized to map the surface distributions of the elements Si, O, and K over the planet's northern hemisphere. Conversion of the K gamma‐ray count rates to elemental abundances on the surface reveals variations from 300 to 2400 ppm. A comparison of these abundances with models for the maximum surface temperature suggests the possibility that a temperature‐related process is controlling the K abundances on the surface as well as providing K to the exosphere. The abundances of K and Th have been determined for several geologically distinct regions, including Mercury's northern smooth plains and the plains interior to the Caloris basin. The lack of a significant variation in the measured Th abundances suggests that there may be considerable variability in the K/Th abundance ratio over the mapped regions. Key Points First spatially resolved measurements of Si, O, K, and Th on Mercury K abundances vary significantly across the surface Potassium abundances may be driven by the thermal conditions on the surface

Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold-water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold-water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate-driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate-induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold-water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69-95%, 51-87%, and 86-100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus. Es probable que el cambio climático tenga profundo efectos sobre especies de peces dulceacuícolas de agua fría. A medida que incrementa la temperatura, la distribución de peces de agua fría puede cambiar y contraerse en respuesta. La predicción de efectos del calentamiento proyectado en redes de arroyos es complicada debido a la baja correlación entre la temperatura del agua y la temperatura del aire. Las dependencias espaciales en las redes de arroyos son complejas porque la geografía de los procesos en los arroyos esta determinada por las dimensiones en la dirección del flujo y por la estructura de la red. Por lo tanto, la predicción de cambios dirigidos por el clima en la biota de arroyos está rezagada en comparación con lo esfuerzos de modelado terrestre. Pronosticamos cambios inducidos por el clima en el hábitat térmico de 3 especies de peces de agua fría - Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss y Salvelinus confluentus - en la Cuenca del Río John Day, en el noroeste de Estados Unidos. Utilizamos un modelo estadístico espacialmente explícito diseñado para pronosticar la temperatura del agua en redes de arroyos con base en el flujo y la conectividad espacial. La distribución espacial de los extremos de temperatura en los arroyos durante los veranos de 1993 a 2009 estuvo determinada principalmente por la radiación solar y los extremos interanuales de la temperatura del aire. En un escenario de cambio climático moderado, estimamos que las declinaciones en 2100 en el volumen de hábitat de Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss y Salvelinus confluentus fueron de 39-95%, 51-87% y 86-100%, respectivamente. Aunque algunas estrategias de restauración pueden ser capaces de compensar estos efectos proyectados, tales predicciones apuntan hacia como y donde se pueden enfocar los esfuerzos de restauración y manejo.

We present simulations of space weathering effects on ice deposits in regions of permanent shadow on the Moon. These Monte Carlo simulations follow the effects of space weathering processes on the distribution of the volatiles over time. The model output constrains the coherence of volatile deposits with depth, lateral separation, and time. The results suggest that ice sheets become broken and buried with time. As impacts begin to puncture an initially coherent surficial ice sheet, small areas with a deficit of ice compared to surrounding areas are formed first. As time progresses, holes become prevalent and the anomalous regions are local enhancements of ice concentration in a volume. The 3‐D distribution is also heterogeneous because the ice is buried to varying depths in different locations. Analysis of the coherence of ice on 10 cm scales predicts that putative ice sheets in anomalous radar craters are <100 Myr old. Surface frost becomes homogenized within 20 Myr. The simulations show the data from the LCROSS impact and surrounding region are consistent with the ice deposit in Cabeus being >1000 Myr old. For future in situ analysis of cold trap volatiles, a horizontal range of 10 m is sufficient to acquire surface‐based measurements of heterogeneously distributed ice. These results also support previous analyses that Mercury's cold traps are young. Key Points Ice detectable by radar disappears in < 100 Myr Widespread surface frost represents continual processes A lateral range of 10 m is sufficient to acquire measurements of heterogeneity

The MEGANE instrument onboard the MMX mission will acquire gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy data of Phobos to determine the elemental composition of the martian moon and provide key constraints on its origin. To produce accurate compositional results, the irregular shape of Phobos and its proximity to Mars must be taken into account during the analysis of MEGANE data. The MEGANE team is adapting the Small Body Mapping Tool (SBMT) to handle gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy investigations, building on the demonstrated record of success of the SBMT being applied to scientific investigations on other spacecraft missions of irregularly shaped bodies. This is the first application of the SBMT to a gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy dataset, and the native, three-dimensional foundation of the SBMT is well suited to MEGANE’s needs. In addition, the SBMT will enable comparisons between the MEGANE datasets and other datasets of the martian moons, including data from previous spacecraft missions and MMX’s multi-instrument suite.

This paper provides a report on a test that was carried out over 20 years ago to demonstrate that two 3He gas proportional neutron sensors could survive a high‐impact penetrator test. This test was carried out as part of a risk reduction effort for a proposed mission that would send multiple penetrators to landing locations within lunar permanently shaded regions (PSRs). After landing, the neutron sensors would carry out in situ measurements within the PSRs to quantify the hydrogen abundances within these regions. Two penetrator shots were successfully carried out with the neutron sensors enclosed in the penetrators. The deceleration value for the shots exceeded 1,400 G's over less than 20 milliseconds. Pre‐ and post‐penetration measurements of the 3He sensors show that the sensors themselves suffered no degradation in performance; one non‐spaceflight quality high‐voltage connector did indicate performance degradation. These results provide confidence that these types of 3He neutron sensors could be successfully used in a future penetrator mission to a planetary body. Plain Language Summary A major goal for future exploration of the Moon is to measure the amount of hydrogen within permanently shaded regions (PSRs) at the lunar poles. Obtaining “at‐the‐surface” measurements within PSRs can be challenging due to the difficulty of delivering landers to these cold and permanently dark locations. One idea put forward for making such measurements is to send high‐velocity penetrators to PSRs, where these penetrators would include neutron detectors. Neutron detectors are a standard instrument used to measure hydrogen concentrations on planetary bodies. This paper reports the results of an over 20‐year‐old experiment that tested the survivability of a specific type of neutron detector—a 3He neutron sensor—to the high shock impact of a penetrator. The sensors showed no performance degradation after being subjected to two high‐shock penetrator shots. These results thus demonstrate the feasibility of using these types of sensors on the Moon, or any other planetary body, when delivered by a penetrator. Key Points We successfully tested neutron sensors in a penetrator test This test shows that 3He neutron sensors can be used in a planetary penetrator mission