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"Layzer, Judith A"
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Natural experiments : ecosystem-based management and the environment
This systematic assessment of seven prominent initiatives is the first to evaluate the effectiveness of ecosystem-based management at protecting the environment.
eBook
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Since the 1970s, conservative activists have invoked free markets and distrust of the federal government as part of a concerted effort to roll back environmental regulations. They have promoted a powerful antiregulatory storyline to counter environmentalists' scenario of a fragile earth in need of protection, mobilized grassroots opposition, and mounted creative legal challenges to environmental laws. But what has been the impact of all this activity on policy? In this book, Judith Layzer offers a detailed and systematic analysis of conservatives' prolonged campaign to dismantle the federal regulatory framework for environmental protection.Examining conservatives' influence from the Nixon era to the Obama administration, Layzer describes a set of increasingly sophisticated tactics--including the depiction of environmentalists as extremist elitists, a growing reliance on right-wing think tanks and media outlets, the cultivation of sympathetic litigators and judges, and the use of environmentally friendly language to describe potentially harmful activities. She argues that although conservatives have failed to repeal or revamp any of the nation's environmental statutes, they have influenced the implementation of those laws in ways that increase the risks we face, prevented or delayed action on newly recognized problems, and altered the way Americans think about environmental problems and their solutions. Layzer's analysis sheds light not only on the politics of environmental protection but also, more generally, on the interaction between ideas and institutions in the development of policy.
eBook
Citizen Participation and Government Choice in Local Environmental Controversies
This article uses a single, critical case to assess the plausibility of hypotheses that emerge from the literature on civic environmentalism. In particular, scholars have argued that local, collaborative environmental decision making is likely to yield solutions that are both more durable and environmentally superior to those generated by more conventional policymahing processes. The analysis suggests, however, that such outcomes are unlikely in the absence of stringent regulatory requirements established at the federal or state level. This is because local officials face fiscal constraints that exacerbate the already substantial disparity in political resources between citizens and development interests.
Journal Article
Cold Front
In January 2009 President Obama took office promising to restore prosperity and reduce American dependence on foreign oil by converting the United States from a fossil-fuel to a clean-energy economy. In many respects, the country appeared ripe for such a transformation: Obama was extraordinarily popular; public support for addressing energy and climate change was strong; environmentalists were unified; industry was divided and many prominent CEOs advocated limits on greenhouse-gas emissions; and the conservative opposition was beleaguered. Initially, at least, events seem to bear out the predictions of optimistic pundits: following a frenzied push by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi,
Book Chapter
Natural experiments : ecosystem-based management and the environment / Judith A. Layzer
Scholars, scientists, and policymakers have hailed ecosystem-based management (EBM) as a remedy for the perceived shortcomings of the centralized, top-down, expert-driven environmental regulatory framework established in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. EBM entails collaborative, landscape-scale planning and flexible, adaptive implementation. But although scholars have analyzed aspects of EBM for more than a decade, until now there has been no systematic empirical study of the overall approach. In Natural Experiments, Judith Layzer provides a detailed assessment of whether EBM delivers in practice the environmental benefits it promises in theory. She does this by examining four nationally known EBM initiatives (the Balcones Canyonlands Conservation Program in Austin, Texas, the San Diego Multiple Species Program, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, and the California Bay-Delta Program) and three comparison cases that used more conventional regulatory approaches (Arizona's Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan and efforts to restore Florida's Kissimmee River and California's Mono Basin).
eBook
Environmental Policy from 1980 to 2008: The Politics of Prevention
This chapter discusses environmental policy between 1980 and 2008. During this period, New Right conservatives sought to influence environmental politics and policy in two distinct but related ways. First, they tried to shape the political context by disseminating a multifaceted critique of environmentalism and environmental regulation, mobilizing grassroots groups, and filing strategic lawsuits. Second, they promoted the election of ideological sympathizers to Congress and the White House and the appointment of conservative judges to the federal courts. The main constraint on conservatives' ability to promote their agenda was public opinion, which remained broadly supportive of environmental protection throughout this period. After failing on several occasions to confront that consensus head on, conservative policymakers resorted to blocking new legislation; they also capitalized on the low visibility and arcane nature of rule making to make substantial changes in regulations and their implementation. By 2008, however, there were numerous signs that the dominance of U.S. environmental policy by New Right conservatives had run its course.
Book Chapter
The Environmental Decade and the Conservative Backlash, 1970–1980
The modern environmental movement emerged during the late 1960s and early 1970s, a tumultuous period in U.S. history. In April 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, and a spate of riots broke out in cities across the country. A few months later, presidential hopeful Robert Kennedy was shot. Growing opposition to the war in Vietnam fed a “counterculture” skeptical of all the nation’s major institutions, but particularly business. Protests erupted on college campuses. Meanwhile, national polls documented an extraordinary rise in popular concern about the environment that cut across nearly all segments of society.¹ According to historian Samuel Hays,
Book Chapter
Bill Clinton Confronts a Conservative Congress
The new president gave conservatives ample reason to fear that more stringent environmental regulations were imminent. Most galling to conservatives, Vice President Al Gore was the author ofEarth in the Balance, a manifesto decrying humans’ environmental impact and calling for drastic action to remediate it. Also worrisome, the Clinton/Gore team had made a host of ambitious campaign promises, from raising the corporate average fuel economy standards for cars, encouraging mass transit, and funding the development of renewable energy to providing new incentives for recycling, passing a revised Clean Water Act with standards for nonpoint sources, preserving the Arctic National
Book Chapter