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Human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) represent promising stem cell therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the results of autologous BM‐MSC administration in T2DM patients are contradictory. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that autologous BM‐MSC administration in T2DM patient is safe and that the efficacy of the treatment is dependant on the quality of the autologous BM‐MSC population and administration routes. T2DM patients were enrolled, randomly assigned (1:1) by a computer‐based system into the intravenous and dorsal pancreatic arterial groups. The safety was assessed in all the treated patients, and the efficacy was evaluated based on the absolute changes in the hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, and C‐peptide levels throughout the 12‐month follow‐up. Our data indicated that autologous BM‐MSC administration was well tolerated in 30 T2DM patients. Short‐term therapeutic effects were observed in patients with T2DM duration of <10 years and a body mass index <23, which is in line with the phenotypic analysis of the autologous BM‐MSC population. T2DM duration directly altered the proliferation rate of BM‐MSCs, abrogated the glycolysis and mitochondria respiration of BM‐MSCs, and induced the accumulation of mitochondria DNA mutation. Our data suggest that autologous administration of BM‐MSCs in the treatment of T2DM should be performed in patients with T2DM duration <10 years and no obesity. Prior to further confirming the effects of T2DM on BM‐MSC biology, future work with a larger cohort focusing on patients with different T2DM history is needed to understand the mechanism underlying our observation. Human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) represent promising stem cell therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but the results of autologous BM‐MSC admniistration in T2DM patients are contradicted. Our data indicated that autologous BM‐MSC administration was well tolerated in 30 T2DM patients. The potential therapeutic effects of the treatments were observed in patients with less than 10 years of T2DM and a BMI<23, and this finding could be explained by reductions in autologous stem cell phenotypes, including prolonged cell proliferation, reduced metabolic functions, and alterations in mtDNA.

This qualitative case study examines the implementation of Escuela Nueva, a rural multigrade schooling model, in Vietnam from the perspectives and experiences of local teachers and school administrators. Escuela Nueva first emerged in Colombia in the 1970s as a scalable low-cost educational innovation model that can be disseminated to other under-resourced regions around the world. Indeed, to date, the model has travelled to fourteen countries around the world, impacting the lives of over five million children. On the surface, the implementation of Vietnam Escuela Nueva (VNEN) appears to be a close reproduction of the original model. However, some aspects of VNEN in practice in fact directly contradict the principles and philosophies of the original model. Rather than encouraging more teacher autonomy, child-centered pedagogies, and local adaptation, the implementation of VNEN has reproduced the rigidity, conformity and textbook dependency that have been core features of the traditional Vietnamese education system. This points to the difficulties that can arise when attempts at scaling up educational change across borders come into conflict with local systems of reasoning, which impede the achievement of the intended outcomes.

The interplay between mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and preservation conditions is critical to maintain the viability and functionality of these cells before administration. We observed that Ringer lactate (RL) maintained high viability of bone marrow–derived MSCs for up to 72 h at room temperature (18°C–22°C), whereas adipose‐derived and umbilical cord‐derived MSCs showed the highest viability for 72 h at a cold temperature (4°C–8°C). These cells maintained their adherence ability with an improved recovery rate and metabolic profiles (glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration) similar to those of freshly harvested cells. Growth factor and cytokine analyses revealed that the preserved cells released substantial amounts of leukaemia inhibitory factors (LIFs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A), as well as multiple cytokines (eg IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, MPC‐1 and TNF‐α). Our data provide the simplest clinically relevant preservation conditions that maintain the viability, stemness and functionality of MSCs from perinatal and adult tissue sources.

Despite the explosion of global citizenship education in Vietnam in the past few years, there is no consensus on what the concept actually means. Through discourse analysis of both the state and non-state actors, this article maps the frictions in global citizenship discourses in Vietnam. Behind the shared call for global citizenship education (GCE) is a competition by different actors to reinterpret this trend for their own benefits. While GCE is promoted at the highest policy level in Vietnam for national competitiveness, it is simultaneously becoming a powerful marketing tool for private actors to expand a new market in education. This contestation over the meaning of “global citizenship” reflects global debates around global citizenship education, but with particular Vietnamese distinctions, dynamics, and anxieties that we frame as a sense of postcolonial instrumentalism. These attempts to define “global citizenship” are part of a broader struggle to redefine the ideal Vietnamese citizen—a new postsocialist, neoliberal, and postcolonial subject of the twenty-first century. As such, contestation also opens the ground for alternatives to flourish, which will require elevating local educators’ voices.

The World Bank’s Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) purports to benchmark developing country education systems against global best practices. SABER covers 13 topics, called “domains,” and has produced over 16,000 indicators of what the Bank considers best practice and applied them in over 130 countries. Yet this massive effort has received hardly any critical scrutiny. In this article, we argue that this search for global best practice is fundamentally flawed. We apply Gita Steiner-Khamsi’s three façades of universality, precision, and rationality to problematize the search for best practice, both in general and specifically in SABER. We then critique the Bank’s analysis of three of SABER’s 13 domains: Teachers, School Autonomy and Accountability, and Engaging the Private Sector. We conclude by connecting this to broader critiques of the Bank and some of the new directions envisioned for SABER. El Enfoque sistémico para lograr mejores resultados en la educación (Systems Approach for Better Education Results, SABER) del Banco Mundial pretende evaluar mediante comparación los sistemas educativos de los países en desarrollo con respecto a las mejores prácticas mundiales. SABER cubre 13 temas, llamados \"dominios\" y ha producido más de 16 000 indicadores de lo que el Banco considera las mejores prácticas y los ha aplicado en más de 130 países. Pero este esfuerzo gigante se ha sometido a un análisis duro y crítico. En este artículo, argumentamos que esta búsqueda de mejores prácticas mundiales tiene muchos errores. Aplicamos las tres fachadas de Gita Steiner-Khamsi de la universalidad, la precisión y la racionalidad para problematizar la búsqueda para la mejor práctica, tanto general como específicamente en SABER. Luego criticamos el análisis del Banco de tres de los 13 dominios del SABER: Maestros, Autonomía y responsabilidad escolar y Participación en el sector privado. Finalmente, vinculamos esto con críticas más amplias del Banco y algunas de las nuevas direcciones previstas para el SABER. L'approche systémique pour de meilleurs résultats éducatifs (SABER) de la Banque mondiale vise à comparer les systèmes éducatifs des pays en développement aux meilleures pratiques mondiales. Le programme SABER couvre 13 sujets, intitulés « domaines » et a produit plus de 16 000 indicateurs de ce que la Banque considère comme les meilleures pratiques et les a appliqués dans plus de 130 pays. Pourtant, cet effort massif n'a guère fait l'objet d'un examen critique. Dans cet article, nous soutenons que cette recherche des meilleures pratiques mondiales est fondamentalement erronée. Nous appliquons les trois façades de Gita Steiner-Khamsi, à savoir l'universalité, la précision et la rationalité, pour problématiser la recherche des meilleures pratiques, tant en général qu'en particulier dans le programme SABER. Nous critiquons ensuite l'analyse de la Banque portant sur trois des 13 domaines de SABER : Les enseignants, l'autonomie et la responsabilité des écoles, et l'engagement du secteur privé. Nous concluons en établissant un lien avec des critiques plus larges de la Banque et certaines des nouvelles orientations envisagées pour le programme SABER. 世界银行的改善教育成果的系统方法（SABER）旨在对照全球最佳实践对发展中国家的教育系统设定 基准。SABER 涵盖了 13 个主题，称为“领域”已编制了 16,000 多个指标，这些指标被世界银行视为最 佳实践，并已在 130 多个国家和地区中应用。然而，这一大规模的努力几乎没有受到任何严格的审 查。在本文中，我们认为，寻求全球最佳实践在根本上是错误的。我们应用 Gita Steiner-Khamsi 的通 用性、精确性和合理性这三个立面来对寻求最佳实践的一般性和特殊性提出质疑。然后，我们对银行 对于 SABRE 的 13 个领域中的三个领域的分析进行了批判：教师、学校自治权和问责制以及吸纳私人 部门的参与。最后，我们将其与对世界银行的更广泛的批判以及为 SABRE 设想的一些新研究方向联 系起来。 لوضع المعايير لأنظمة التعليم في الدولة النامية مقابل أفضل (SABER) يهدف البنك الدولي لتطبيق النهج القائم على النظم لتحسين نتائج التعليم الممارسات العالمية. يغطي النهج القائم على النظم لتحسين نتائج التعليم 13 موضوعًا، يطلق عليها اسم \"النطاقات\" والتي أنتجت ما يزيد عن 16,000 مؤشر يرى البنك أنها تمثل أفضل الممارسات وقام بتطبيقها فيما يزيد عن 130 دولة. ومع ذلك، فإن هذا الجهد الهائل لم يحظ بأي تمحيص نقدي. في هذا المقال، ندفع بأن البحث عن أفضل الممارسات العالمية هو أمر معيب في الأساس. حيث نقوم بتطبيق ثلاث واجهات خاصة بجيتا ستاينر خامسي والمتمثلة في الطبيعة العالمية، والدقة والمنطق وذلك لكي نبلور البحث عن أفضل الممارسات، بوجه عام وخاصة سنقوم بنقد تحليل البنك لثلاثة من ثلاثة عشر نطاقًا للنهج القائم على النظم لتحسين .(SABER) في النهج القائم على النظم لتحسين نتائج التعليم نتائج التعليم: المعلمون، واستقلالية المدارس والمساءلة، وإشراك القطاع الخاص. نستنتج أنه عن طريق توصيل ذلك بالنقد الأوسع للبنك وبعض من الاتجاهات الجديدة المتصورة من خلال نتائج النهج القائم على النظم لتحسين نتائج التعليم Программа системного подхода к улучшению результатов образования (SABER) Всемирного банка подразумевает оценку образовательных систем развивающихся стран относительно лучших мировых практик. Программа SABER охватывает 13 тем, называемых «областями», определила более 16 000 признаков, которые Банк считает передовой практикой, и применила их в более чем 130 странах. Тем не менее эти масштабные усилия практически не подвергались критическому изучению. В настоящей статье мы утверждаем, что этот поиск лучших мировых практик в корне неверен. Мы применяем три определенных Гитой Штайнер-Хамси аспекта рассмотрения проблемы — универсальность, точность и рациональность — к задаче поиска лучших практик, как в целом, так и в конкретном случае SABER. Затем мы подвергаем критике проведенный Банком анализ трех из 13 областей SABER: «Преподаватели», «Автономность и подотчетность школы», «Вовлечение частного сектора». В заключение мы связываем эти положения с более широкой критикой Банка и некоторых новых направлений деятельности, предусмотренных для SABER.

Nanostructured cathode materials based on Mn-doped olivine LiMn x Fe 1−x PO 4 ( x  = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal route. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyzed results indicated that the synthesized LiMn x Fe 1−x PO 4 ( x  = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) samples possessed a sphere-like nanostructure and a relatively homogeneous size distribution in the range of 100–200 nm. Electrochemical experiments and analysis showed that the Mn doping increased the redox potential and boosted the capacity. While the undoped olivine (LiFePO 4 ) had a capacity of 169 mAh g −1 with a slight reduction (10%) in the initial capacity after 50 cycles (150 mAh g −1 ), the Mn-doped olivine samples (LiMn x Fe 1−x PO 4 ) demonstrated reliable cycling tests with negligible capacity loss, reaching 151, 147, and 157 mAh g −1 for x  = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively. The results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) accompanied by the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) have resulted that the Mn substitution for Fe promoted the charge transfer process and hence the rapid Li transport. These findings indicate that the LiMn x Fe 1−x PO 4 nanostructures are promising cathode materials for lithium ion battery applications.

Most of the existing chest X-ray datasets include labels from a list of findings without specifying their locations on the radiographs. This limits the development of machine learning algorithms for the detection and localization of chest abnormalities. In this work, we describe a dataset of more than 100,000 chest X-ray scans that were retrospectively collected from two major hospitals in Vietnam. Out of this raw data, we release 18,000 images that were manually annotated by a total of 17 experienced radiologists with 22 local labels of rectangles surrounding abnormalities and 6 global labels of suspected diseases. The released dataset is divided into a training set of 15,000 and a test set of 3,000. Each scan in the training set was independently labeled by 3 radiologists, while each scan in the test set was labeled by the consensus of 5 radiologists. We designed and built a labeling platform for DICOM images to facilitate these annotation procedures. All images are made publicly available in DICOM format along with the labels of both the training set and the test set. Measurement(s) diseases and abnormal findings from chest X-ray scans Technology Type(s) AI is used to detect diseases and abnormal findings Sample Characteristic - Location Vietnam

Vietnam's burden of liver cancer is largely due to its high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to examine healthcare workers' (HCWs) knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HBV prevention and management. A cross-sectional survey among health care workers working at primary and tertiary facilities in two Northern provinces in Vietnam in 2017. A standardized questionnaire was administered to randomly selected HCWs. Multivariate regression was used to identify predictors of the HBV knowledge score. Among the 314 participants, 75.5% did not know HBV infection at birth carries the highest risk of developing chronic infection. The median knowledge score was 25 out of 42 (59.5%). About one third (30.2%) wrongly believed that HBV can be transmitted through eating or sharing food with chronic hepatitis B patients. About 38.8% did not feel confident that the hepatitis B vaccine is safe. Only 30.1% provided correct answers to all the questions on injection safety. Up to 48.2% reported they consistently recap needles with two hands after injection, a practice that would put them at greater risk of needle stick injury. About 24.2% reported having been pricked by a needle at work within the past 12 months. More than 40% were concerned about having casual contact or sharing food with a person with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). In multivariate analysis, physicians scored significantly higher compared to other healthcare professionals. Having received training regarding hepatitis B within the last two years was also significantly associated with a better HBV knowledge score. Findings from the survey indicated an immediate need to implement an effective hepatitis B education and training program to build capacity among Vietnam's healthcare workers in hepatitis B prevention and control and to dispel hepatitis B stigma.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of phase-change-material mattress (PCM) during transportation of newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Study design Randomized controlled trial of newborns with HIE from June 2016 to December 2019. Patients were randomized to transport with PCM or without PCM (control) when transferred to a cooling center in northern Vietnam. Primary outcome measure was mortality rate, secondary outcomes including temperature control and adverse effects. Result Fifty-Two patients in PCM-group and 61 in control group. Median rectal temperature upon arrival was 34.5 °C (IQR 33.5–34.8) in PCM-group and 35.1 °C (IQR 34.5–35.9) in control group ( p  = 0.023). Median time from birth to reach target temperature was 5.0 ± 1.4 h and 5.5 ± 1.2 h in the respective groups ( p  = 0.065). 81% of those transported with PCM versus 62% of infants transported without ( p  = 0.049) had reached target temperature within the 6-h timeframe. There was no record of overcooling (< 32 °C) in any of the groups. The was no difference in mortality rate between the two groups (33% and 34% respectively ( p  > 0.05)). Conclusion Phase-change-material can be used as a safe and effective cooling method during transportation of newborns with HIE in low-resource settings. Trial registration The study was retro-prospectively registered in Clinical Trials (04/05/2022, NCT05361473).

WHO recommends treating hepatitis C infection with one of three antiviral combinations for 8–12 weeks. No randomised trials have compared these regimens, and high cure rates might be achievable with shorter durations of therapy. We aimed to compare sofosbuvir–daclatasvir with sofosbuvir–velpatasvir, and to evaluate potential novel treatment strategies. We conducted a multi-arm, open-label, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial in two public hospitals in Viet Nam. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with chronic hepatitis C infection and mild-to-moderate liver fibrosis were eligible. Recruitment was stratified by centre and viral genotype (1–5 vs 6) with 1:1 random allocation to an oral fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir 400 mg plus daclatasvir 60 mg (sofosbuvir–daclatasvir) or sofosbuvir 400 mg plus velpatasvir 100 mg (sofosbuvir–velpatasvir). Participants were simultaneously factorially randomly assigned to one of four treatment strategies: 12 weeks’ standard of care (SOC); 4 weeks’ therapy with four weekly PEGylated interferon alfa-2a subcutaneous injections; induction and maintenance therapy with 2 weeks’ standard therapy followed by 10 weeks’ therapy 5 days a week; and response-guided therapy (RGT) for 4, 8, or 12 weeks determined by viral load on day 7. The primary outcome was sustained virological response (SVR) 12 weeks after treatment completion, analysed in all evaluable participants regardless of actual treatment received. We chose a 5% non-inferiority margin for the drug comparison, and a 10% non-inferiority margin for the treatment strategy comparisons. Safety was assessed in all randomised participants. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, 61522291, and is completed. Between June 19, 2020, and May 10, 2023, 624 participants were randomised (470 [75%] were male and 154 [25%] were female). 296 (47%) had genotype 6 and 328 (53%) had genotypes 1–5. The primary outcome was assessable in 609 (98%) participants. SVR occurred in 294 (97%) of 302 participants in the sofosbuvir–daclatasvir group and 292 (95%) of 307 participants in the sofosbuvir–velpatasvir group (risk difference 2·2%, 90% credible interval [CrI] –0·2 to 4·8, within the 5% non-inferiority margin; 93% probability that sofosbuvir–daclatasvir is superior to sofosbuvir–velpatasvir). SVR occurred in 148 (99%) of 150 in the SOC group, 143 (94%) of 152 in the 4-week antiviral plus interferon group (–4·5%, 90% CrI –8·3 to –1·3), 151 (99%) of 152 in the induction–maintenance group (0·6%, –1·1 to 2·7), and 144 (93%) of 155 in the RGT group (–5·7%, –9·6 to –2·3); all risk differences were within the 10% non-inferiority margin. Serious adverse events were rare (11 [4%] of 313 participants in the sofosbuvir–velpatasvir group vs six [2%] of 311 in the sofosbuvir–daclatasvir group; risk difference –1·6% [95% CrI –4·2 to 0·8]) with no evidence of differences between regimens or strategies, but adverse reactions were very common in the 4-week antiviral plus interferon group compared with the other treatment strategies (risk difference vs SOC group, 66·8% [59·2 to 74·0]; p<0·0001). Sofosbuvir–daclatasvir was non-inferior to sofosbuvir–velpatasvir. High efficacy was seen with novel strategies, which might help to inform approaches to treatment for harder-to-reach populations. Wellcome Trust.