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This paper presents a method for capturing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs of small specimens, including nematodes, arthropods, small insects, and other meiofauna. Our method is tailored to handle nematode specimens mounted on permanent slides, an area with relatively limited documentation. Besides, the process of transferring such delicate specimens from one solution to another has historically posed numerous challenges. To address this issue, we introduce a low-cost and easy-made container designed specifically to facilitate the aforementioned procedure, with a particular focus on SEM photography. The newly introduced container offers a practical solution that enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of specimen handling, ultimately enabling high-quality SEM imaging. This method holds significant promise for researchers working in the field of micro-scopic organism analysis, providing a valuable tool for their investigations with minimum cost.

, belonging to the root-lesion nematode group, is a highly prevalent and destructive plant-parasitic nematode that is able to infest a wide range of host plants. Although this species' devastating impacts on coffee plantations across the world are widely known on other host plants, its association with Ming aralia has never been reported. Our study characterized two popu lations of (associated with Ming aralia and coffee) and compared them with other popu lations from previous studies in Vietnam and other countries in the world. The identification of in our study was confirmed by the comprehensive analysis encompassing morphological examination, morphometric data, and molecular characterizations of the mtDNA and D2D3 of 28S rRNA regions. The cluster and MDS analyses revealed that the two populations of from Vietnam are closely related to those from Japan and Indonesia. The D2-D3 sequences of 28S rRNA and mtDNA regions exhibited high similarity among these populations, indicating a stable genetic profile. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the distribution and genetic characterizations of by offering new morphological and molecular insights into the presence of this nematode in Vietnam. Additionally, this nematode species was found to be associated with host plant's symptoms such as chlorotic leaves, stunted growth and root lesion in both hosts. Given the economic significance of both Ming aralia and coffee crops in Vietnam, as well as the damaging potential of , this study emphasizes the need of proactive nematode management measures to control this destructive pest.

A new root-knot nematode, parasitizing Robusta coffee in Dak Lak Province, Western Highlands of Vietnam, is described as Meloidogyne moensi n. sp. Morphological and molecular analyses demonstrated that this species differs clearly from other previously described root-knot nematodes. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by a swollen body of females with a small posterior protuberance that elongated from ovoid to saccate; perineal patterns with smooth striae, continuous and low dorsal arch; lateral lines marked as a faint space or linear depression at junction of the dorsal and ventral striate; distinct phasmids; perivulval region free of striae; visible and wide tail terminus surrounding by concentric circles of striae; medial lips of females in dumbbell-shaped and slightly raised above lateral lips; female stylet is normally straight with posteriorly sloping stylet knobs; lip region of second stage juvenile (J2) is not annulated; medial lips and labial disc of J2 formed dumbbell shape; lateral lips are large and triangular; tail of J2 is conoid with rounded unstriated tail tip; distinct phasmids and hyaline; dilated rectum. Meloidogyne moensi n. sp. is most similar to M. africana , M. ottersoni by prominent posterior protuberance. Results of molecular analysis of rDNA sequences including the D2–D3 expansion regions of 28S rDNA, COI, and partial COII/16S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA support for the new species status.

To clarify the transmission route of parasitic infections in primates at Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park, we investigated the prevalence of intestinal helminths in leaf and dog fecal samples collected in the surrounding areas of the center. By morphological analysis, only Ancylostoma spp. and Isospora spp. were detected in leaf samples, with the infection rate of 7.07% and 1.01% respectively. In addition, survey on 156 dog feces samples showed that the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was quite high (73.55%). Ancylostoma spp has the highest prevalence (68.39%), followed by Toxocara spp. (25.81%), Trichuris spp. (10.97%), Isospora spp. (7.1%) and Taenia spp (3.87%).

Members of the genus , commonly known as root-lesion nematodes, rank among the most economically important plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide due to their broad host range, wide distribution, and ability to cause significant yield losses in major crops, including rice, maize, and sugarcane. They invade root tissues, creating lesions that impair water and nutrient uptake, reduce plant growth, and increase susceptibility to secondary infections. , a root-lesion nematode previously known from sugarcane and maize in China, is reported for the first time in Vietnam, associated with rice ( L.) in Vinh Phuc Province. This study provides an integrative identification of the species based on detailed morphological features and molecular characterization using 18S rDNA and D2-D3 segments of the 28S rDNA. Female specimens exhibited diagnostic characteristics consistent with . No males were observed. The D2-D3 and 18S rDNA sequences showed 98.7 – 99.0 % identity with previously described sequences, and phylogenetic analysis placed the Vietnamese population within a well-supported clade alongside known isolates, distinct from other closely related species. This first record of on rice in Vietnam expands the known host range and geographic distribution. The findings underscore the need for targeted surveillance and management strategies to mitigate the potential threat of to rice production in Southeast Asia.

Dye wastewater currently damages both human health and aquatic ecosystem, so to reduce its negative effects and promote sustainable development, this study optimizes cellulose extraction process from coconut coir pith via employing response surface methodology combined with Design Expert software (version 11.0.1.0, Copyright©2017, Stat-Ese Inc., USA). The recovered cellulose after alkalizing and decolorizing process is applied to assess its adsorption capability of methylene blue from water. Methylene blue adsorption capacity is evaluated based on operating factors: pH, contact time, methylene blue initial concentration and cellulose mass. The success of cellulose extraction process is established by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Thermogravimetric analysis. The recovered cellulose particles have a high crystallinity index of 46.39% and high purity of 35.63% with an average diameter of 344 μm with a specific surface area of 3.303 m 2 .g −1 , a porous structure with a pore diameter of 34.952Å and pH pzc of 6.14. Under optimal adsorption conditions, methylene blue adsorption efficiency of 99.22% is achieved, and the process is favorable, reversible, and monolayer adsorption. The adsorption in this work is in good agreement with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and physical adsorption is the main adsorption mechanism. Importantly, the recovered cellulose has a significantly high adsorption capacity of 145.81 mg.g −1 after seven continuous using times. These findings propose that cellulose can recover from coconut coir pith by-product and holds a highly potential on dye removal from aqueous solution. Graphical abstract

In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at live bird markets/slaughter points in 39 districts (five provinces) in the Red River, Mekong delta, and central Vietnam during January and May 2011. Oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples from 12 480 ducks were tested for H5N1 by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in pools of five. Traders and stallholders were interviewed using standardized questionnaires; 3·3% of pools tested positive. The highest prevalence (6·6%) corresponded to the Mekong delta, and no H5N1 was detected in the two Red River provinces. The surveys identified key risk behaviours of traders and stallholders. It is recommended that market surveys are implemented over time as a tool to evaluate progress in HPAI control in Vietnam.

Unlike other members of the genus, Echinococcus granulosus is known to exhibit considerable levels of variation in biology, physiology and molecular genetics. Indeed, some of the taxa regarded as ‘genotypes’ within E. granulosus might be sufficiently distinct as to merit specific status. Here, complete mitochondrial genomes are presented of 2 genotypes of E. granulosus (G1–sheep-dog strain: G4–horse-dog strain) and of another taeniid cestode, Taenia crassiceps. These genomes are characterized and compared with those of Echinococcus multilocularis and Hymenolepis diminuta. Genomes of all the species are very similar in structure, length and base-composition. Pairwise comparisons of concatenated protein-coding genes indicate that the G1 and G4 genotypes of E. granulosus are almost as distant from each other as each is from a distinct species, E. multilocularis. Sequences for the variable genes atp6 and nad3 were obtained from additional genotypes of E. granulosus, from E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus. Again, pairwise comparisons showed the distinctiveness of the G1 and G4 genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated atp6, nad1 (partial) and cox1 (partial) genes from E. multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus, 5 genotypes of E. granulosus, and using T. crassiceps as an outgroup, yielded the same results. We conclude that the sheep-dog and horse-dog strains of E. granulosus should be regarded as distinct at the specific level.

In this work, a photocatalytic reactor with a working volume of 13 l was fabricated of soda-lime silica glass. Commercial titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) particles were used as the photocatalyst and trails were conducted on the photodecomposition of methylene blue (MB) solutions (10 −5 M). The activation of the photocatalysts was carried out using 5 UV lamps (378 nm, 36 W), and 13 g of TiO 2 was added each week to the reactor. The MB solution was fed at a flow rate of 0.87 l h −1 , while the effluent was removed after 5 h of hydraulic retention time. The performance of the reactor was studied over a period of 45 days. The results showed a sharp decline in the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH of the solution with the increased addition of TiO 2 to the reactor owing to the occurrence of the photocatalytic process. The reactor was found to be highly effective in decomposing MB solution. The performance was observed to slightly decrease over the long operating period owing to the TiO 2 accumulation on the reactor wall, and its non-participation in the reactions.

Extended-spectrum, β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) harboring the bla -encoding plasmid (ESBL-E55) has been reported to be associated with urinary tract infection (UTI). The aims of this study were to clarify the prevalence of ESBL-E55 in pork meats and workers from the same wholesale market, as well as patients with UTI from a nearby hospital in Vietnam; we also investigated the plasmids encoding bla . Sequencing analysis showed that 66.6% of the ESBL-E isolated from pork meats contained bla , whereas the gene was present in 25.0% of workers and 12.5% of patients with UTI. Plasmid analysis showed that several sizes of plasmid encoded bla in ESBL-E55 isolated from pork meats, whereas ESBL-E55 isolated from workers and patients with UTI contained only 104-139 kbp of bla -encoding plasmids. This indicates that the 104-139 kbp sizes of bla -encoding plasmids were commonly disseminated in pork meats, wholesale market workers, and patients with UTI.