Explore the vast range of titles available.

The seismic potential of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone is poorly known and highly debated. Only two damaging earthquakes have been reported in the historical period, in 1839 and 1843, but their sources and magnitude are still uncertain. Global Navigation Satellite Systems and coral data contradict each other, and no conclusion has been reached on the coupling ratio of the plate interface. Given the threat posed by the possible occurrence of a large megathrust earthquake, it is crucial to gain information on prehistorical events. We present the results of a submarine paleoseismological study that covers an exceptional ∼120 Kyr‐long period. We studied the sediments sampled in six up to 26 m‐long piston cores collected in deep fore‐arc basins located over the epicentral region of the 1843 earthquake. Using a multiproxy approach combining geophysical, geochemical, and sedimentological analysis, biostratigraphy and radiocarbon dating, we identified, characterized, and dated numerous event deposits that we then correlated with the sampled basins over an up to 160 km‐long area. We show that at least 33 earthquakes likely triggered these sediment remobilizations in the last 120 Kyr. Four of these events promoted exceptional deposits of turbidites + homogenites. From peak ground acceleration calculated for potential earthquakes occurring on various faults, and the absence of deposits linked to the historical earthquakes, we propose that the sources are likely megathrust earthquakes. Over the last 60 Kyr, we inferred at least three 15–25 Kyr‐long seismic cycles in which the recurrence times of earthquakes shortens from ∼5 to ∼2 Kyr. Key Points Paleoseismology based on identification of turbidites and homogenites along the Lesser Antilles subduction zone Several megathrust earthquakes have been highlighted over the last 120 Kyrs offshore Guadeloupe Four major earthquakes triggered up to 8 m‐thick homogenite deposits

The aim of this study was to present an overview of variations of the hepatic artery from the origin to the segmental branching. Abdominal Computed Tomography performed on consecutive patients in our tertiary center between 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. Hepatic arterial branching and its relationship to the portal veins were reported. Out of 500 imaging, 16 anatomic patterns were found for the origin of hepatic artery, with 65.6% conventional origin at celiac axis (n = 328); 10 patterns for the left hepatic artery, 23 for segment IV artery, and more than 21 for the right hepatic artery (RHA), with conventional branching in respectively 66.8%, 39.6% and in 46.4% of patients. Conventional anatomy from celiac axis to segmental branching was found in 10.4% of patients. Dedicated thin-section imaging appears to be essential for preoperative planning in liver surgery, given the high variability of arterial distribution and their surgical implications. •Vascular cartography of the liver must be analyzed before each surgery.•Thin slice section of computed tomography allows arterial analysis.•One out of ten patients has conventional arterial branching of the liver.

The success of filamentous fungi in colonizing most natural environments can be largely attributed to their ability to form an expanding interconnected network, the mycelium, or thallus, constituted by a collection of hyphal apexes in motion producing hyphae and subject to branching and fusion. In this work, we characterize the hyphal network expansion and the structure of the fungus Podospora anserina under controlled culture conditions. To this end, temporal series of pictures of the network dynamics are produced, starting from germinating ascospores and ending when the network reaches a few centimeters width, with a typical image resolution of several micrometers. The completely automated image reconstruction steps allow an easy post-processing and a quantitative analysis of the dynamics. The main features of the evolution of the hyphal network, such as the total length L of the mycelium, the number of “nodes” (or crossing points) N and the number of apexes A , can then be precisely quantified. Beyond these main features, the determination of the distribution of the intra-thallus surfaces ( S i ) and the statistical analysis of some local measures of N , A and L give new insights on the dynamics of expanding fungal networks. Based on these results, we now aim at developing robust and versatile discrete/continuous mathematical models to further understand the key mechanisms driving the development of the fungus thallus.

We provide a database of the coseismic geological surface effects following the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake that hit central Italy on 30 October 2016. This was one of the strongest seismic events to occur in Europe in the past thirty years, causing complex surface ruptures over an area of >400 km2 . The database originated from the collaboration of several European teams (Open EMERGEO Working Group; about 130 researchers) coordinated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. The observations were collected by performing detailed field surveys in the epicentral region in order to describe the geometry and kinematics of surface faulting, and subsequently of landslides and other secondary coseismic effects. The resulting database consists of homogeneous georeferenced records identifying 7323 observation points, each of which contains 18 numeric and string fields of relevant information. This database will impact future earthquake studies focused on modelling of the seismic processes in active extensional settings, updating probabilistic estimates of slip distribution, and assessing the hazard of surface faulting.

During the GWADASEIS cruise (Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, February–March 2009) a very high resolution (VHR) seismic-reflection survey was performed in order to constrain Late Quaternary to Present faulting. The profiles we obtained evidence frequent \"ponding\" of reworked sediments in the deepest areas, similar to the deposition of Mediterranean \"homogenites\". These bodies are acoustically transparent (few ms t.w.t. thick) and are often deposited on the hanging walls of dominantly normal faults, at the base of scarps. Their thickness appears sufficient to compensate (i.e. bury) co-seismic scarps between successive earthquakes, resulting in a flat and horizontal sea floor through time. In a selected area (offshore Montserrat and Nevis islands), piston coring (4 to 7 m long) was dedicated to a sedimentological analysis of the most recent of these particular layers. It corresponds to non-stratified homogenous calcareous silty sand (reworked calcareous plankton and minor volcanoclastics). This layer can be up to 2 m thick, and overlies fine-grained hemipelagites. The upper centimeters of the latter represent the normal RedOx water/sediment interface. 210Pb and 137Cs activities lack in the massive sands, while a normal profile of unsupported 210Pb decrease is observed in the hemipelagite below, together with a 137Cs peak corresponding to the Atmospheric Nuclear Experiments (1962). The RedOx level was thus capped by a recent instantaneous major sedimentary event considered as post-1970 AD; candidate seismic events to explain this sedimentary deposits are either the 16 March 1985 earthquake or the 8 October 1974 one (Mw = 6.3 and Mw = 7.4, respectively). This leads to consider that the syntectonic sedimentation in this area is not continuous but results from accumulation of thick homogenites deposited after the earthquakes (as observed in the following weeks after Haiti January 2010 event, McHugh et al., 2011). The existence of such deposits suggests that, in the area of study, vertical throw likely results from cumulated effects of separated earthquakes rather than from aseismic creep. Examination of VHR profiles shows that all major co-seismic offsets are recorded in the fault growth sequence and that co-seismic offsets can be precisely estimated. By using a sedimentation rate deduced from 210Pb decrease curve (0.5 mm yr−1) and taking into account minor reworking events detected in cores, we show that the Redonda system may have been responsible for five >M6 events during the last 34 000 yr. The approach presented in this work differs from fault activity analyses using displaced sets of isochronous surfaces and postulating co-seismic offsets. Combining VHR seismic imagery and coring we can decipher co-seismic vs. slow continuous displacement, and thus actually estimate the amplitude and the time distribution of major co-seismic offsets.

Background and aims Organ dysfunction scores, such as the PEdiatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score developed in 1999, are primarily designed to describe the severity of organ dysfunction. This study was undertaken to update and improve the PELOD score, using a larger and more recent dataset. Methods We did a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study in nine French-speaking multidisciplinary, tertiary-care PICUs of university-affiliated hospitals between June 2006 and October 2007. We collected data on variables considered for the PELOD-2 score at seven time-points after PICU admission: days 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16 and 18, plus PICU discharge. For each variable, the most abnormal value observed during each time point was collected. Identification of the best variable cutoffs was performed using bivariate, multivariate regressions and bootstrap process. The outcome was vital status at PICU discharge. We used area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to evaluate discrimination and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test to evaluate calibration. Results We included 3671 consecutive patients (median age 15.5 months IQR 2.2–70.7). Mortality rate was 6.0% (222 deaths). Discrimination and calibration of the PELOD 2 score were 0.93 and 9.31 (p=0.317) respectively. Conclusion We developed and validated the PELOD-2 score, which allows assessment of the severity of cases of MODS in PICU with a continuous scale. The score will be in the public domain, which means that it can be freely used in clinical trials.

Background Early recognition and treatment of meningococcal disease improves its outcome. Haemorrhagic rash is one of the most specific signs that parents can learn to recognise. Objective To determine the percentage of parents able to recognise a haemorrhagic rash and perform the tumbler test. Methods 123 parents of children consulting for mild injuries were interviewed about the significance and recognition of haemorrhagic rash in febrile children. Results Although 88% of parents undressed their children when they were febrile, it was never to look specifically for a skin rash. Only 7% (95% CI 3% to 12%) were able to recognise a petechial rash and knew the tumbler test. Conclusion Information campaigns about the significance of haemorrhagic rash and about the tumbler test are needed.

In the original version of the Data Descriptor the surname of author Anne Socquet was misspelled. This has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Data Descriptor. Some authors were also not appropriately associated with their affiliations in the HTML version, due to formatting errors made by the publisher. This has now been corrected in the HTML version of the Data Descriptor, the affiliations in the PDF were correct from the time of publication.

We present a 1:25,000 scale map of the coseismic surface ruptures following the 30 October 2016 M w 6.5 Norcia normal-faulting earthquake, central Italy. Detailed rupture mapping is based on almost 11,000 oblique photographs taken from helicopter flights, that has been verified and integrated with field data (>7000 measurements). Thanks to the common efforts of the Open EMERGEO Working Group (130 people, 25 research institutions and universities from Europe), we were able to document a complex surface faulting pattern with a dominant strike of N135°-160° (SW-dipping) and a subordinate strike of N320°-345° (NE-dipping) along about 28 km of the active Mt. Vettore-Mt. Bove fault system. Geometric and kinematic characteristics of the rupture were observed and recorded along closely spaced, parallel or subparallel, overlapping or step-like synthetic and antithetic fault splays of the activated fault systems, comprising a total surface rupture length of approximately 46 km when all ruptures were considered.