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The conversion of light into usable chemical and mechanical energy is pivotal to several biological and chemical processes, many of which occur in solution. To understand the structure–function relationships mediating these processes, a technique with high spatial and temporal resolutions is required. Here, we report on the design and commissioning of a liquid-phase mega-electron-volt (MeV) ultrafast electron diffraction instrument for the study of structural dynamics in solution. Limitations posed by the shallow penetration depth of electrons and the resulting information loss due to multiple scattering and the technical challenge of delivering liquids to vacuum were overcome through the use of MeV electrons and a gas-accelerated thin liquid sheet jet. To demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument, the structure of water and its network were resolved up to the 3 rd hydration shell with a spatial resolution of 0.6 Å; preliminary time-resolved experiments demonstrated a temporal resolution of 200 fs.

Developing femtosecond resolution methods for directly observing structural dynamics is critical to understanding complex photochemical reaction mechanisms in solution. We have used two recent developments, ultrafast mega-electron-volt electron sources and vacuum compatible sub-micron thick liquid sheet jets, to enable liquid-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (LUED). We have demonstrated the viability of LUED by investigating the photodissociation of tri-iodide initiated with a 400 nm laser pulse. This has enabled the average speed of the bond expansion to be measured during the first 750 fs of dissociation and the geminate recombination to be directly captured on the picosecond time scale.

This case review examines treatments speech-language pathologists at our clinic delivered to middle school, high school, and college students for the management of persistent cognitive symptoms after sport-related concussion. The goal is to examine a range of treatment options, describe clinical rationale for selecting those treatments, and report outcomes in order to identify feasible interventions for systematic evaluation through efficacy research. Review of clinic intake data identified 63 cases referred for cognitive rehabilitation over a 36-month period. Twenty-four cases (14 women and 10 men) met selection criteria, including documented sport-related concussion, postconcussion symptoms persisting at least 2 months with deleterious effect on school performance, and enrollment in secondary or postsecondary education. The authors independently coded demographics, treatment approaches, functional goal domains, and outcomes. Treatment approaches fell into 4 broad categories: direct attention training, metacognitive strategy training, training assistive technology for cognition, and psychoeducational supports. Eighty-three percent of clients achieved self-selected functional goals. Research has focused primarily on return to play and provision of academic accommodations in the initial weeks following concussion. Findings from this case series suggest that speech-language pathologists can deliver individualized interventions that lead to positive clinical outcomes. The authors hope findings encourage efficacy research.

Colour'd Shadows interprets nineteenth-century British women writers' works in connection with the material contexts of writing, printing, and publishing, and the book illustrates methods of \"reading\" the material book for what it reveals about the meanings of the literary work that it embodies.

Military Special Forces trainees undergo intense psychological and physical stressors that often lead to respiratory infection. During 1998-2000, 477 Navy Special Forces trainees were enrolled in a double-blind trial of oral azithromycin (1 g given weekly) plus a placebo injection, compared with benzathine penicillin G (1.2 million U) plus azithromycin placebo tablets. Among the 464 subjects with complete data, 44 developed acute respiratory infection (20 with pneumonia) during the 2 weeks of most intense training; of these subjects, 12 (27.3%) had evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and 7 (15.9%) had evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Trainees who received azithromycin were less likely than were trainees who received benzathine penicillin G to develop acute respiratory infection (risk ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.92) and less likely at the end of training to report episodes of breathing difficulty (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.34-1.01) or sore throat (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.41-1.05). Compared with benzathine penicillin G prophylaxis, weekly oral azithromycin was superior in preventing respiratory infection in this population at transient high risk.

Developing femtosecond resolution methods for directly observing structural dynamics is critical to understanding complex photochemical reaction mechanisms in solution. We have used two recent developments, ultrafast mega-electron-volt electron sources and vacuum compatible sub-micron thick liquid sheet jets, to enable liquid-phase ultrafast electron diffraction (LUED). We have demonstrated the viability of LUED by investigating the photodissociation of tri-iodide initiated with a 400 nm laser pulse. This has enabled the average speed of the bond expansion to be measured during the first 750 fs of dissociation and the geminate recombination to be directly captured on the picosecond time scale.

In spite of elitist concerns for preferred genres of publication, the quality of Tennyson's poetry did not deteriorate because of periodical publication, nor did he send inferior poems to periodicals. Rather, Tennyson's reputation merely increased as readers who might never purchase a volume of poetry read his work in Victorian era publications.

The current standard for treating operable early stage non-small cell lung cancer is surgical resection and for inoperable cases it is external beam radiotherapy. Lung functions are adversely affected with both the above treatments. CyberKnife treatment limits radiation damage by tracking targets moving with each breath. The effect of CyberKnife treatment on pulmonary function tests has not been well documented. Lung cancer patients who underwent CyberKnife treatment and had pre- and post-treatment pulmonary function tests were included. Paired t-tests were conducted. We also conducted subgroup analysis. Thirty-seven patients were included. Median age was 73 years. No statistical difference between mean pre- and post-CyberKnife pulmonary function tests was found. We observed that CyberKnife better preserves lung function status compared to current standards of care. It has shown to have very minimal side effects.

With the ever-increasing problems of higher fuel costs and greater traffic congestion, shipping and long-distance travel via interstates and highways continues to become more expensive in terms of time and money. With the advent of semi- and fully-autonomous vehicles, platooning is designed to decrease the amount of fuel used and reduce traffic congestion. While much work has been done regarding predetermined platoons with homogeneous vehicles, less work has been done dealing with dynamic and heterogeneous platoons. Dynamic platooning with heterogeneous vehicles can be difficult to implement. For example, a dynamic platooning system must be able to dynamically create and manage the platoon, handle untrusted users, and include heterogeneous vehicles that have different mechanical capabilities and fuel costs. One major problem facing dynamic, heterogeneous platooning is the leadership forfeiture abuse. Unfortunately, drivers have no incentive to lead these platoons, and the savings are much better when being a follower. Therefore, a leader may forfeit its position and step down to become a follower and gain more benefits. In this paper, we propose a protocol, named as Leadership Incentives for Platoons (LIPs) which is suitable for dynamic platooning with heterogeneous vehicles and provides a payment system that incentivizes individuals to lead. It is designed and implemented using the blockchain technology to offer a distributed secure environment for untrusted vehicles to interact. We demonstrate the application of the proposed protocol on a synthetic case study and evaluate the protocol by analyzing the time required for platooning operations/transactions as well as performing a usability test on a potential user group. We show that vehicles can be incentivized to lead a platoon of untrusted users in a manner that is memory efficient and that does not interfere with the lower-level communication protocols.