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Insulin‐deficient (type 1) diabetes is treated by providing insulin to maintain euglycemia. The current standard of care is a quasi‐closed loop integrating automated insulin delivery with a continuous glucose monitoring sensor. Cell replacement technologies are advancing as an alternative treatment and have been tested as surrogates to cadaveric islets in transplants. In addition, immunomodulatory treatments to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in high‐risk (stage 2) individuals have gained regulatory approval. We have pioneered a cell conversion approach to restore insulin production through pharmacological conversion of intestinal epithelial cells into insulin‐producing cells. We have advanced this approach along a translational trajectory through the discovery of small molecule forkhead box protein O1 inhibitors. When administered to different rodent models of insulin‐deficient diabetes, these inhibitors have resulted in robust glucose‐lowering responses and generation of insulin‐producing cells in the gut epithelium. We review past work and delineate a path to human clinical trials. Converting gut cells into insulin‐producing cells has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option to treat diabetes. Here, we summarize this field and review its clinical potential.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate characteristics of industry and public research payments for age-related macular degeneration studies. Materials and Methods Studies involving “age-related macular degeneration” or “AMD” from 2015 to 2021 were extracted from the Open Payments Database and the National Eye Institute RePORTER tool and compared to each other. Results From 2015 to 2021, 620 ophthalmologists received $178,394,734.09 in industry research payments with a 76.9% increase from 2015 to 2020 and a subsequent 40.7% decrease in 2021. There were 84 female industry funding recipients (13.7%) compared to 528 (86.3%) male recipients (P < 0.001). For public funding, 119 ophthalmologists received $157,319,575.00 with a 31.0% increase from 2015 to 2021. Among 119 principal investigators, 37 (31.1%) were women and 82 (68.9%) were men (P = 0.05). Conclusion Industry-funded and publicly funded age-related macular degeneration–related research payments overall increased from 2015 to 2021. Funding distribution by sex trended towards male recipients. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2025;56:95–100.]

Many studies have shown that the cognitive demands of language use are a substantial cause of central dual-task costs, including costs on concurrent driving performance. More recently, several studies have considered whether language production or comprehension is inherently more difficult with respect to costs on concurrent performance, with mixed results. This assessment is particularly difficult given the open question of how one should best equate and compare production and comprehension demands and performance. The present study used 2 very different approaches to address this question. Experiment 1 assessed manual tracking performance concurrently with a conventional labouratory task, comparing dual-task costs with comprehension and verification versus production of category items. Experiment 2 adopted an extreme ecological and functional approach to this question by assessing dual-task manual tracking costs concurrent with continuous, naturalistic, 2-way conversation, allowing event-related analysis of continuous tracking relative to onsets and offsets of natural production and comprehension events. Over both experiments, tracking performance was worse with concurrent production versus comprehension demands. We suggest that by at least 1 important functional metric-performance in natural, everyday conversation-talking is indeed harder than listening. De nombreuses études ont montré que les demandes cognitives associées à l'utilisation du langage sont une cause notable de coûts double-tâche centraux, y compris les coûts sur la performance de conduite concourante. Plus récemment, diverses études ont cherché à savoir si la production ou la compréhension du langage était en soi plus difficile par rapport aux coûts de performance concourante; les résultats étaient mitigés. Cette évaluation s'avère particulièrement difficile compte tenu de la question ouverte cherchant à savoir comment l'on pourrait assimiler et comparer les demandes de production et de compréhension avec la performance. La présente étude a employé deux approches très différentes pour aborder cette question. L'expérience 1 a évalué le monitorage manuel de performance en parallèle avec une tâche de laboratoire conventionnelle, comparant les coûts double-tâche associés à la compréhension et à la vérification avec la production d'items de catégorie. L'expérience 2 a utilisé une approche extrêmement écologique et fonctionnelle à cette question en évaluant les coûts de monitorage manuel de double-tâches concourant avec une conversation à deux sens, continue et naturaliste, permettant une analyse d'événements de monitorage en continu par rapport à des débuts et des fins d'événements de compréhension et de production naturels. Dans les deux expériences, la performance de monitorage s'est avérée inférieure avec production concourante qu'en présence de demandes de compréhension. Nous suggérons, suite à l'analyse d'au moins une importante mesure fonctionnelle - la performance lors de conversations naturelles de tous les jours - que parler est en effet plus demandant que d'écouter.

The Implementation Science Centers in Cancer Control (ISC3) initiative, funded by the National Cancer Institute, called for the development of implementation laboratories to bolster implementation science, create research-ready environments, and expedite adoption and implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) into practice. The B uilding R esearch in I mplementation and D issemination to close G aps and achieve E quity in C ancer C ontrol (BRIDGE-C2) Center is one of seven ISC3 centers. BRIDGE-C2 aims to identify strategies to improve implementation of cancer prevention EBIs and conduct research / develop pragmatic methods to tailor, enhance, and support the adoption and sustainability of these strategies; advance implementation science; and build capacity and training opportunities. Since its inception, the BRIDGE-C2 Center has been conducting research and training activities to advance knowledge on how to effectively implement strategies to improve cancer prevention EBIs in primary care clinics serving socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. The translational science benefits model (TSBM) provides a useful framework for organizing a description of the BRIDGE-C2 Center’s activities. In this paper, we describe examples of BRIDGE-C2 activities and the specific impact indicators within each relevant domain/subdomain of the TSBM, demonstrating that a single activity or project has multiple impacts on methods and capacity building, clinical domains, and community health.

Background All families experience financial and time costs related to caring for their children’s health. Understanding the economic burden faced by families of children with chronic health conditions (CHC) is crucial for designing effective policies to support families. Methods In this prospective study we used electronic health records to identify children between 3 and 17 years old with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), asthma, or neither (control) from three Kaiser Permanente regions and several community health centers in the OCHIN network. We oversampled children from racial and ethnic minority groups. Parent/guardian respondents completed surveys three times, approximately four months apart. The surveys included the Family Economic Impact Inventory (measuring financial, time, and employment costs of caring for a child’s health), and standardized measures of children’s quality of life, behavioral problems, and symptom severity for children with ASD or asthma. We also assessed parenting stress and parent physical and mental health. All materials were provided in English and Spanish. Results Of the 1,461 families that enrolled (564 ASD, 468 asthma, 429 control), children were predominantly male (79%), with a mean age of 9.0 years, and racially and ethnically diverse (43% non-Hispanic white; 22% Hispanic; 35% Asian, Black, Native Hawaiian, or another race/ethnicity). The majority of survey respondents were female (86%), had a college degree (62%), and were married/partnered (79%). ASD group respondents were less likely to be employed (73%) than those in the asthma or control groups (both 80%; p  = .023). Only 32% of the control group reported a household income ≤ $4,000/month compared with 41% of asthma and 38% of ASD families ( p  = .006). Conclusions Utilizing a novel measure assessing family economic burden, we successfully collected survey responses from a large and diverse sample of families. Drawing upon the conceptual framework, survey measures, and self-report data described herein we will conduct future analyses to examine the economic burdens related to CHC and the incremental differences in these burdens between health groups. This information will help policy makers to design more equitable health and social policies that could reduce the burden on families.

Background Despite endorsements supporting the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for adolescents and young adult women (AYA), they have limited knowledge about them Male partners can influence contraceptive decisions, however their perceived knowledge about IUDs is lower than their objective knowledge. We aim to establish current AYA baseline contraceptive knowledge and attitudes so providers can better target their sexual health educational interventions. Methods Females and males, aged 13 to 23 years old, from our suburban adolescent clinic, completed an anonymous survey that assessed their knowledge and attitudes towards methods of contraception, with an emphasis on the IUD. Results Completed surveys totaled 130 (99 females/31 males). Demographic results revealed 31.3% Black/African-American, 30.5% Latino/Hispanic, 17.6% White, 3.0% Asian, and 14.5% Other. The majority of participants (80%) were sexually active. The majority (69.5%) stated they/their partner were currently using a contraceptive method; only 2.6% used IUDs. Half of females (56.6%) and 10.1% of males had heard of IUDs. Despite this, male and female participants lacked knowledge regarding specific IUD facts. Of the participants who had used emergency contraception (EC), only 6.4% knew the copper IUD could be used for EC. Conclusion Contraceptive knowledge deficits, especially regarding the IUD, continue to exist for AYA patients. Many participants stated they required EC despite “satisfaction” with their birth control method(s) and most were unaware that the copper IUD could be used as EC. These discrepancies highlight the importance of comprehensive contraceptive education for AYA patients. Enhanced and consistent contraceptive options counseling can help providers ensure that their AYA patients make well-informed decisions about family planning, thus improving their quality of life.

Two of the major transformations that took place in Virginia during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were the adoption of slave labor to produce a staple commodity (tobacco) and the emergence of a gentry class that built its wealth, power, and social influence on both slavery and export of this crop. The reasons and timing of the transition to slavery and the nature of the planters’ consolidation of power within the British Empire have long been subjects of keen interest and debate. In this Forum these two major transformations are given close scrutiny by John C. Coombs and Douglas Bradburn. Coombs challenges the generally accepted notion that the use of enslaved labor spread only gradually during the first sixty years of the colony’s history before increasing rapidly in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. Bradburn examines the critical role played by the English state in intervening in the tobacco trade, part of a new system that transformed Atlantic commerce, allowed a small group of Virginia elites to consolidate their power, and sowed the seeds of future misunderstanding between Britain and the colonies. Six commentators address the two essays’ interpretive arguments and the larger historiographical issues they raise: Lorena S. Walsh, Paul G. E. Clemens, Peter A. Coclanis, April Lee Hatfield, William A. Pettigrew, and Alexander B. Haskell. Bradburn and Coombs conclude the Forum with their response to the commentary.

Scholarship on quickly changing circumstances and rapid realignments has added nuance to earlier conquest/victim stories and opened three related avenues of inquiry about Indians in the colonial Southeast: (1) How did individuals and polities negotiate different kinds of power in this rapidly changing world? (2) Given such swift change, can we find analytical language to describe political units and character of interactions with both precision and some broad applicability? and (3) How central a role did the Indian slave trade play in redefining the region? [...]the trade itself (as well as Indian migrations) connected the two regions. During the last two decades, historians of the colonial Southeast have transformed our dim awareness that an Indian slave trade existed into the stark knowledge that that trade played a crucial role in defining southeastern North America for all of its residents from the middle of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century. Much of this work remains unpublished, but searches in the American Historical Association's Dissertations in Progress database, conferences programs, and fellowship award lists make clear that we can anticipate the publication of a flurry of work on Indians involved in the slave trade, on the relationship between the Indian slave trade and Indians' relationship to enslaved Africans, and on the effects of this trade on Indian identities (racial and otherwise).32 Because of its complexity - involving multiple rapidly changing Indian polities, three European empires, and the increasing presence of Africans of different ethnicities - southeastern Indian history looms as a fruitful space for the exploration of questions - about power negotiations, about early modern integration of non- Western, Atlantic, and global economies, about the changing definitions of race and identity, and about the formations and definitions of polities - whose relevance extends beyond the region.33 1 Gary B. Nash, Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974).