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"Lee, James J"
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Future tech : from personal robots to motorized monocycles
Explains and illustrates the most current research and technologies that promise to change our lives dramatically in the future, from machines with the ability of independent thought, to cars that drive themselves, to robots that borrow their nature from nature itself.
Book
The Fourth Law of Behavior Genetics
Behavior genetics is the study of the relationship between genetic variation and psychological traits. Turkheimer (2000) proposed \"Three Laws of Behavior Genetics\" based on empirical regularities observed in studies of twins and other kinships. On the basis of molecular studies that have measured DNA variation directly, we propose a Fourth Law of Behavior Genetics: \"A typical human behavioral trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability.\" This law explains several consistent patterns in the results of gene-discovery studies, including the failure of candidate-gene studies to robustly replicate, the need for genome-wide association studies (and why such studies have a much stronger replication record), and the crucial importance of extremely large samples in these endeavors. We review the evidence in favor of the Fourth Law and discuss its implications for the design and interpretation of gene-behavior research.
Journal Article
تحسين مهارات التواصل لدى الأطفال الصم وضعاف السمع في بيئات التعليم العام
هذا الكتاب سوف يستفيد منه المتخصصون في مجال التخاطب واضطرابات النطق والكلام وتناول الكتاب المترجم ثلاثة أبواب الأول يتضمن العوامل التي تؤثر على اكتساب مهارات التواصل وصقلها وأيضا تناول الوصول إلى التواصل رؤية وقضايا أما الباب الثاني فيلقي الضوء على التقييم والتدخل والتواصل ما قبل اللغوي واللغة المبتكرة واللغة المتأخرة ولغة المراهقين أما الباب الثالث يتضمن الملاحق وقائمة بالكتب التي يمكن استخدامها في القراءة المشتركة مع أطفال ما قبل المدرسة ذوي الاضطراب اللغوي وأيضا يحتوي على قائمة مهارات النطق في الملحق الأخير.
BOOK
Remarkable resilience of teeth
Tooth enamel is inherently weak, with fracture toughness comparable with glass, yet it is remarkably resilient, surviving millions of functional contacts over a lifetime. We propose a microstructural mechanism of damage resistance, based on observations from ex situ loading of human and sea otter molars (teeth with strikingly similar structural features). Section views of the enamel implicate tufts, hypomineralized crack-like defects at the enamel-dentin junction, as primary fracture sources. We report a stabilization in the evolution of these defects, by \"stress shielding\" from neighbors, by inhibition of ensuing crack extension from prism interweaving (decussation), and by self-healing. These factors, coupled with the capacity of the tooth configuration to limit the generation of tensile stresses in largely compressive biting, explain how teeth may absorb considerable damage over time without catastrophic failure, an outcome with strong implications concerning the adaptation of animal species to diet.
Journal Article
Batman vs. Deathstroke
\"When Batman discovers a mysterious package containing DNA test results proving that he is not Damian Wayne's biological father, the Dark Knight sets his sights on his son's true father--Deathstroke! But Damian Wayne can't really be Slade Wilson's son--can he? And who sent the package--and why? The ultimate custody battle ensues as the World's Greatest Detective and the World's Deadliest Assassin clash in this instant classic!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
Abstract
Background
PLINK 1 is a widely used open-source C/C++ toolset for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and research in population genetics. However, the steady accumulation of data from imputation and whole-genome sequencing studies has exposed a strong need for faster and scalable implementations of key functions, such as logistic regression, linkage disequilibrium estimation, and genomic distance evaluation. In addition, GWAS and population-genetic data now frequently contain genotype likelihoods, phase information, and/or multiallelic variants, none of which can be represented by PLINK 1's primary data format.
Findings
To address these issues, we are developing a second-generation codebase for PLINK. The first major release from this codebase, PLINK 1.9, introduces extensive use of bit-level parallelism, (n)
-time/constant-space Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Fisher's exact tests, and many other algorithmic improvements. In combination, these changes accelerate most operations by 1-4 orders of magnitude, and allow the program to handle datasets too large to fit in RAM. We have also developed an extension to the data format which adds low-overhead support for genotype likelihoods, phase, multiallelic variants, and reference vs. alternate alleles, which is the basis of our planned second release (PLINK 2.0).
Conclusions
The second-generation versions of PLINK will offer dramatic improvements in performance and compatibility. For the first time, users without access to high-end computing resources can perform several essential analyses of the feature-rich and very large genetic datasets coming into use.
Journal Article
Rexodus
\"With the aid of Kelvin, a dinosaur from the past, Amber must save her father--and the rest of us--from the very same danger that caused the dinosaurs to flee--and from the dinosaurs themselves as they return to Earth\"-- Back cover.
Book
Eosinophils are required for the maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow
The cellular components of the plasma cell niche in the bone marrow have remained elusive. Berek and co-workers show that eosinophils are key providers of plasma cell survival factors in the bone marrow.
Plasma cells are of crucial importance for long-term immune protection. It is thought that long-lived plasma cells survive in specialized niches in the bone marrow. Here we demonstrate that bone marrow eosinophils localized together with plasma cells and were the key providers of plasma cell survival factors.
In vitro
, eosinophils supported the survival of plasma cells by secreting the proliferation-inducing ligand APRIL and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In eosinophil-deficient mice, plasma cell numbers were much lower in the bone marrow both at steady state and after immunization. Reconstitution experiments showed that eosinophils were crucial for the retention of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Moreover, depletion of eosinophils induced apoptosis in long-lived bone marrow plasma cells. Our findings demonstrate that the long-term maintenance of plasma cells in the bone marrow requires eosinophils.
Journal Article
Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells
Exosomes are vesicles of endocytic origin released by many cells. These vesicles can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation. Here, we show that exosomes from a mouse and a human mast cell line (MC/9 and HMC-1, respectively), as well as primary bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells, contain RNA. Microarray assessments revealed the presence of mRNA from approximately 1300 genes, many of which are not present in the cytoplasm of the donor cell.
In vitro
translation proved that the exosome mRNAs were functional. Quality control RNA analysis of total RNA derived from exosomes also revealed presence of small RNAs, including microRNAs. The RNA from mast cell exosomes is transferable to other mouse and human mast cells. After transfer of mouse exosomal RNA to human mast cells, new mouse proteins were found in the recipient cells, indicating that transferred exosomal mRNA can be translated after entering another cell. In summary, we show that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location. We propose that this RNA is called “exosomal shuttle RNA” (esRNA).
Journal Article
logic of indirect speech
When people speak, they often insinuate their intent indirectly rather than stating it as a bald proposition. Examples include sexual come-ons, veiled threats, polite requests, and concealed bribes. We propose a three-part theory of indirect speech, based on the idea that human communication involves a mixture of cooperation and conflict. First, indirect requests allow for plausible deniability, in which a cooperative listener can accept the request, but an uncooperative one cannot react adversarially to it. This intuition is supported by a game-theoretic model that predicts the costs and benefits to a speaker of direct and indirect requests. Second, language has two functions: to convey information and to negotiate the type of relationship holding between speaker and hearer (in particular, dominance, communality, or reciprocity). The emotional costs of a mismatch in the assumed relationship type can create a need for plausible deniability and, thereby, select for indirectness even when there are no tangible costs. Third, people perceive language as a digital medium, which allows a sentence to generate common knowledge, to propagate a message with high fidelity, and to serve as a reference point in coordination games. This feature makes an indirect request qualitatively different from a direct one even when the speaker and listener can infer each other's intentions with high confidence.
Journal Article