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James Baldwin : challenging authors
The recognition and study of African American (AA) artists and public intellectuals often include Martin Luther King, Jr., and occasionally Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Malcolm X. The literary canon also adds Ralph Ellison, Richard White, Langston Hughes, and others such as female writers Zora Neale Hurston, Maya Angelou, and Alice Walker. Yet, the acknowledgement of AA artists and public intellectuals tends to skew the voices and works of those included toward normalized portrayals that fi t well within foundational aspects of the American myths refl ected in and perpetuated by traditional schooling. Further, while many AA artists and public intellectuals are distorted by mainstream media, public and political characterizations, and the curriculum, several powerful AA voices are simply omitted, ignored, including James Baldwin. This edited volume gathers a collection of essays from a wide range of perspectives that confront Baldwin's impressive and challenging canon as well as his role as a public intellectual. Contributors also explore Baldwin as a confrontational voice during his life and as an enduring call for justice.
Book
Efficacy of commercial recombinant HVT vaccines against a North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens
The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in North America that started in 2021 has increased interest in applying vaccination as a strategy to help control and prevent the disease in poultry. Two commercially available vaccines based on the recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vector were tested against a recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI virus isolate: A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 in specific pathogen free white leghorn (WL) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. One rHVT-H5 vaccine encodes a hemagglutinin (HA) gene designed by the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen method (COBRA-HVT vaccine). The other encodes an HA gene of a clade 2.2 virus (2.2-HVT vaccine). There was 100% survival of both chicken types COBRA-HVT vaccinated groups and in the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups there was 94.8% and 90% survival of the WL and broilers respectively. Compared to the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups, WL in the COBRA-HVT vaccinated group shed significantly lower mean viral titers by the cloacal route and broilers shed significantly lower titers by the oropharyngeal route than broilers. Virus titers detected in oral and cloacal swabs were otherwise similar among both vaccine groups and chicken types. To assess antibody-based tests to identify birds that have been infected after vaccination (DIVA-VI), sera collected after the challenge were tested with enzyme-linked lectin assay-neuraminidase inhibition (ELLA-NI) for N1 neuraminidase antibody detection and by commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies to the NP protein. As early as 7 days post challenge (DPC) 100% of the chickens were positive by ELLA-NI. ELISA was less sensitive with a maximum of 75% positive at 10DPC in broilers vaccinated with 2.2-HVT. Both vaccines provided protection from challenge to both types of chickens and ELLA-NI was sensitive at identifying antibodies to the challenge virus therefore should be evaluated further for DIVA-VI.
Journal Article
Lack of Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Poultry
We challenged chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail, and geese with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We observed no disease and detected no virus replication and no serum antibodies. We concluded that poultry are unlikely to serve a role in maintenance of either virus.
Journal Article
Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID50) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log10 50% embryo infective dose (EID50) in chickens and 2.2 log10 EID50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log10 EID50, respectively); however, the BID50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log10 EID50, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6–8.2 days for turkeys and 1–4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
Journal Article
Efficacy of inactivated and RNA particle vaccines against a North American Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in chickens
•Four vaccines were tested for efficacy against clade 2.3.4.4b in chickens.•All four vaccines protected against morbidity and mortality.•All four vaccines reduced virus shed compared to sham vaccinates.•Antibodies to the challenge virus could be detected at 7 days post challenge.•These licensed vaccines are efficacious for current epornitic H5 avian influenza.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused widespread outbreaks in poultry in the Americas. Because of the duration and extent of these outbreaks, vaccine use may be an additional tool to limit virus spread. Three vaccines were evaluated for efficacy in chickens against a current North American clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAIV isolate, A/turkey/Indiana/3703-003/2022 H5N1. The vaccines included: 1) a commercial inactivated reverse genetics (rg) generated H5N1 product with a clade 2.3.4.4c H5 hemagglutinin (HA) (rgH5N1); 2) a commercial alphavirus RNA particle (RP) vaccine with the TK/IN/22 HA; and 3) an in-house inactivated rg produced vaccine with the TK/IN/22 HA and a North American lineage N9 neuraminidase (NA) (SEP-22-N9). Both inactivated vaccines were produced with HA genes that were modified to be low pathogenic and with the remaining genes from the PR8 influenza strain. All vaccines provided 100% protection against mortality and morbidity and all vaccines reduced virus shed by the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes significantly compared to sham vaccinates. However, differences were observed among the vaccines in quantities of virus shed at two- and four-days post challenge (DPC). To determine if infected birds could be identified after vaccination to aid surveillance programs, serum was collected from the RP and SEP-22-N9 vaccine groups at 7, 10, and 14 DPC to detect antibody to the NA and nucleoprotein (NP) of the challenge virus by enzyme linked lectin assay (ELLA) and ELISA. As early as 7DPC ELLA detected antibody in sera from 100% of the chickens in the RP vaccinated group and 70% of the chickens in the SEP-22-N9 vaccinated group. Antibody to the NP was detected by commercial ELISA in more than 50% of the birds in the RP vaccinated group at each time point.
Journal Article
A Theoretical Study of the Photoluminescence in the Eyes of Trilobites Under Natural Lighting and its Effect on Their Vision
Trilobites had a unique visual system in which the focusing component of their compound eyes were calcite crystals. Biogenic calcite emits photoluminescence (PL) in the blue-green part of the visual spectrum in all directions when excited by long-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation. This PL had no information about the image being formed by the incident light from objects (such as other animals and rocks) near the trilobite and would have acted as stray light, thereby obscuring its vision. The PL spectrum from biogenic calcite from extant red algae is used to model the PL emitted by the calcite in the eyes of trilobites. The visible range and the wavelength sensitivity of the extant marine crustacean Squilla empusa (a distant living relative of the trilobites) is used to model the vision of trilobites. In the first theoretical calculation, the magnitude of this PL is estimated using data from extant red algae (including the concentration of its PL centers) and is compared to the expected photon noise in the visible sunlight directly from the illuminated objects. Due to the differences in the transmission of visible and UV-A light by seawater, PL stray light obscuration is expected to lessen with depth. A second more general calculation determines the dependence of this obscuration effect on ocean depth, independent of the concentration of PL centers in the calcite, showing that the obscuring effect of PL diminishes with depth. This PL is insignificant at 10 meters deep and, possibly, at all depths.
Journal Article
Lack of susceptibility of poultry to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV
Chickens, turkeys, ducks, quail and geese were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV. No disease was observed, no virus replication was detected and antibodies were not detected in serum. Neither virus replicated in embryonating chickens eggs. Poultry are unlikely to serve a role in the maintenance of either virus. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
Paper
Please, audited numbers only in the Tradeshow Week 200
(Editor's note: Neither the Tradeshow Week 200 nor Tradeshow Week \"is owned by a show organization. \" Tradeshow Week is published by Reed Business Information, a separate business unit from Reed Exhibitions. Both are part of Reed Business, a division of Reed-Elsevier. )
Magazine Article