Explore the vast range of titles available.

Background Unemployed people have higher morbidity compared to employed people. Both the frequent use and the underutilization of healthcare services are common among unemployed people, potentially leading to unmet healthcare needs. We studied the differences in self-reported no need and unmet need for healthcare services between unemployed and employed persons and the health-related factors associated with these differences. Methods We used the Healthy Finland Survey of 2022–2023, which included employed and unemployed respondents of working age (20–64, N  = 9841). The outcomes were (1) no need for healthcare services and (2) unmet need for healthcare services in the previous 12 months. We used logistic regression, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors, including limiting long-term illness, psychological distress, limited functional ability, very weak social inclusion, poor work ability, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. Results Among unemployed people, 23% reported no need for a doctor or nurse, whereas 41% reported unmet needs. Compared with employed people, unemployed people were more likely to perceive no need for doctor or nurse services (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02–1.82). When health-related factors, especially long-term illness and work ability, were controlled for, the difference increased. In the full model, the OR was 1.87 (95% CI 1.35–2.58). Unemployed people were more likely than employed people to have unmet need for doctor or nurse (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.78–3.00). For most of the health-related factors, especially work ability, controlling decreased the difference, whereas controlling for smoking and alcohol had little effect. In the full model the OR was 1.33 (95% CI 0.98–1.81). Conclusions Unmet healthcare need among unemployed people was largely attributable to health-related factors, especially poor work ability. In some cases, unemployed people may not recognize their need for healthcare, highlighting the importance of low-threshold services and proactive outreach to ensure equitable access. Healthcare systems should ensure effective and timely use of services to prevent diagnostic delays or untreated illnesses and support more appropriate use of sickness benefits and rehabilitation services.

The number of online services in health care is increasing rapidly in developed countries. Users are expected to take a more skilled and active role in taking care of their health and prevention of ill health. This induces risks that users (especially those who need the services the most) will drop out of digital services, resulting in a digital divide or exclusion. To ensure wide and equal use of online services, all users must experience them as beneficial. This study aimed to examine associations of (1) demographics (age, gender, and degree of urbanization), (2) self-rated health, (3) socioeconomic position (education, experienced financial hardship, labor market position, and living alone), (4) social participation (voting, satisfaction with relationships, and keeping in touch with friends and family members), and (5) access, skills, and extent of use of information and communication technologies (ICT) with perceived benefits of online health care and social welfare services. Associations were examined separately for perceived health, economic, and collaboration benefits. We used a large random sample representative of the Finnish population including 4495 (56.77% women) respondents aged between 20 and 97 years. Analyses of covariance were used to examine the associations of independent variables with perceived benefits. Access to online services, ICT skills, and extent of use were associated with all examined benefits of online services. ICT skills seemed to be the most important factor. Poor self-rated health was also consistently associated with lower levels of perceived benefits. Similarly, those who were keeping in touch with their friends and relatives at least once a week perceived online services more often beneficial in all the examined dimensions. Those who had experienced financial hardship perceived fewer health and economic benefits than others. Those who were satisfied with their relationships reported higher levels of health and collaboration benefits compared with their counterparts. Also age, education, and degree of urbanization had some statistically significant associations with benefits but they seemed to be at least partly explained by differences in access, skills, and extent of use of online services. According to our results, providing health care services online has the potential to reinforce existing social and health inequalities. Our findings suggest that access to online services, skills to use them, and extent of use play crucial roles in perceiving them as beneficial. Moreover, there is a risk of digital exclusion among those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged, in poor health, or socially isolated. In times when health and social services are increasingly offered online, this digital divide may predispose people with high needs for services to exclusion from them.

MAX IV will be Sweden’s next-generation high-performance synchrotron radiation source. The project has recently been granted funding and construction is scheduled to begin in 2010. User operation for a broad and international user community should commence in 2015. The facility is comprised of two storage rings optimized for different wavelength ranges, a linac-based short-pulse facility and a free-electron laser for the production of coherent radiation. The main radiation source of MAX IV will be a 528 m ultralow emittance storage ring operated at 3 GeV for the generation of high-brightness hard x rays. This storage ring was designed to meet the requirements of state-of-the-art insertion devices which will be installed in nineteen 5 m long dispersion-free straight sections. The storage ring is based on a novel multibend achromat design delivering an unprecedented horizontal bare lattice emittance of 0.33 nm rad and a vertical emittance below the 8 pm rad diffraction limit for 1 Å radiation. In this paper we present the beam dynamics considerations behind this storage-ring design and detail its expected unique performance.

The MAX IV synchrotron radiation facility is currently being constructed in Lund, Sweden. The accelerator park consists of a 3 GeV linac injector and 2 storage rings operated at 1.5 and 3 GeV respectively. The linac injector will also be used for the generation of short X-ray pulses. Close to 30 straight sections will be available for IDs at the rings. The three machines mentioned above are described below with some emphasis on the effort to create a very small emittance in the 3 GeV ring. Some unconventional technical solutions imposed by the emittance minimisation are discussed.

Because of the different mix design in comparison with traditional concrete and the absence of vibration, different durability characteristics might be expected for self-compacting concrete. The state-of-the-art report, prepared by RILEM Technical Committee TC 205-DSC focuses on the Durability of SCC, by first gathering the available information concerning pore structure, air-void system and transport mechanisms. The available durability results are studied and summarised keeping in mind the fundamental mechanisms and driving forces. All relevant durability issues are considered, like carbonation, chloride penetration, frost resistance, ASR, sulphate attack, thaumasite formation, fire resistance, etc... It is not the intention to give a review on these durability aspects for concrete in general. The aim however is to point at the specifics related to the use of SCC, e.g. due to the addition of a large amount of limestone filler, etc... This paper summarizes the main conclusions of the State-of-the-Art Report.