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Super-resolution microscopy can unravel previously hidden details of cellular structures but requires high irradiation intensities to use the limited photon budget efficiently. Such high photon densities are likely to induce cellular damage in live-cell experiments. We applied single-molecule localization microscopy conditions and tested the influence of irradiation intensity, illumination-mode, wavelength, light-dose, temperature and fluorescence labeling on the survival probability of different cell lines 20–24 hours after irradiation. In addition, we measured the microtubule growth speed after irradiation. The photo-sensitivity is dramatically increased at lower irradiation wavelength. We observed fixation, plasma membrane permeabilization and cytoskeleton destruction upon irradiation with shorter wavelengths. While cells stand light intensities of ~1 kW cm −2 at 640 nm for several minutes, the maximum dose at 405 nm is only ~50 J cm −2 , emphasizing red fluorophores for live-cell localization microscopy. We also present strategies to minimize phototoxic factors and maximize the cells ability to cope with higher irradiation intensities.

Digital ventures are entrepreneurial young firms that introduce new digital artifacts that are “ever-incomplete” and “perpetually-in-the-making” onto the market. The study examines how six digital ventures continued to develop their digital market offerings post launch. Three key designing mechanisms are identified that explain continuous post-launch product development in digital ventures: deploying complementary digital objects, architectural amplification, and porting. The study discusses how these mechanisms advance our understanding of how digital technologies change entrepreneurial processes and outcomes.

This study investigates how organizations layer their product architectures by embedding digital components into physical products. Drawing on a longitudinal case study of PrintCo—a desktop 3D printer firm—we show that layering a product architecture relies on creating adapter layers that facilitate connections among physical and digital components. To generate these adapter layers, PrintCo first parametrized physical components through firmware, making them controllable and addressable. PrintCo then arranged higher-order digital functionality via adapter layers that couple parametrized physical components with additional digital functionality. Based on these findings, we propose a theoretical model that explains how organizations layer product architectures, what the role of adapter layers is, and how the transformation of an organization’s product architecture progresses.

This report documents the outcomes of a professional development workshop (PDW) held at the 40th International Conference on Information Systems in Munich, Germany. The workshop focused on identifying how information systems (IS) researchers can contribute to enriching our knowledge about digital entrepreneurship—that is, the point at which digital technologies and entrepreneurship intersect. The PDW assembled numerous IS researchers working on different aspects of digital entrepreneurship. Jointly, we delineated digital entrepreneurship from related phenomena and conceptualized the different roles that digital technologies can have in entrepreneurial endeavors. We also identified relevant strategies, opportunities, and challenges in conducting digital entrepreneurship research. This report summarizes the shared views that emerged from the interactions at the PDW and our collaborative effort to write this report. The report provides IS researchers interested in digital entrepreneurship with food for thought and a foundation for future research.

Objective To create high-resolution, patient-specific 3D coronary artery models aimed at developing digital models and functional phantoms for the testing of cardiac catheterization devices. Methods Using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), coronary artery lesions were identified and quantified. Imaging data were fused using a custom-made workflow to create highly accurate digital 3D models. For validation of the workflow, coronary artery phantoms were fabricated using additive manufacturing. An OCT was then conducted on the 3D printed phantom, and the developed workflow was applied to generate a derivative model, which was subsequently compared to the original. Results CCTA and OCT datasets from 15 patients were successfully collected and used to develop patient-specific 3D coronary artery models, including detailed inner shells, calcifications, outer wall structures, and side branches. Of these, 13 out of 15 3D printed phantoms were successfully validated and compared to their corresponding original model. The median vertex deviation of the derivative model was 0.15 (0.14 - 0.17) mm. The median absolute stenosis difference between the derivative model and the original model was 3 (1–5)%AS. Conclusion We present a novel workflow to produce high-resolution patient-specific phantoms of coronary arteries.

This article scrutinizes the phrase 'all necessary means to protect civilians under threat of attack', contained in the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1973 (2011) authorizing military force in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Libya). It assesses both the meaning of this phrase and the legal regime pursuant to the resolution. That regime challenges the teleological separation but concurrent application of the law on the use of force (thejus ad bellum), and the law applicable in international and non-international armed conflict [thejus in belloor international humanitarian law (IHL)]. Security Council Resolution 1973, and its understanding of the term 'civilian', should be read in accordance with other international law norms;prima facieconflict of the resolution with IHL on the issue of targeting can be resolved. The resolution was however ambiguous on when force can be used. It is suggested that Resolution 1973 required a demonstrable risk of indiscriminate attack to civilians,per senecessity andjus ad bellumproportionality, the latter exceeding IHL's concept of proportionality because of the specificity of the resolution's aim. In examining the concurrent application of thejus ad bellumand thejus in belloin the context of specific interventions in Libya, the criticism that some states contributing coalition forces overstretched their mandate is corroborated. A combination of the resolution's ambiguity and political considerations lie at the heart of that overstretch. In developing international law for analogous situations, the intervention is likely to exacerbate existing quarrels over future council action to protect civilians.

Molecular mechanisms which stabilize dendrites and dendritic spines are essential for regulation of neuronal plasticity in development and adulthood. The class of Nogo receptor proteins, which are critical for restricting neurite outgrowth inhibition signaling, have been shown to have roles in developmental, experience and activity induced plasticity. Here we investigated the role of the Nogo receptor homolog NgR2 in structural plasticity in a transgenic null mutant for NgR2. Using Golgi-Cox staining to analyze morphology, we show that loss of NgR2 alters spine morphology in adult CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, significantly increasing mushroom-type spines, without altering dendritic tree complexity. Furthermore, this shift is specific to apical dendrites in distal CA1 stratum radiatum (SR). Behavioral alterations in NgR2(-/-) mice were investigated using a battery of standardized tests and showed that whilst there were no alterations in learning and memory in NgR2(-/-) mice compared to littermate controls, NgR2(-/-) displayed reduced fear expression in the contextual conditioned fear test, and exhibited reduced anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. This suggests that the loss of NgR2 results in a specific phenotype of reduced emotionality. We conclude that NgR2 has role in maintenance of mature spines and may also regulate fear and anxiety-like behaviors.

UNHCR (the UN Refugee Agency) frequently seeks to develop protection capacity of refugee-hosting states, for example through creating or adapting national legal frameworks; assistance in registration and status determination; knowledge transfer in government institutions; support of civil society institutions through training or material support; and assisting governments with creating frameworks for economic, social and legal integration of refugees. However, the extent to which such efforts successfully help the transition to durable solutions is not clear. Protection capacity building can induce host states to bear more of the responsibility for refugees, simultaneously building up national authorities to be able to better respond to future refugee situations, and freeing up UNHCR resources. It can be an opportunity to bring refugees into mainstream national development plans, and to professionalise sometimes small and under-funded national refugee authorities. Yet protection capacity building also faces political and administrative challenges.