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The current study evaluates the diagnostic utility of copy number variation sequencing (CNV-Seq) in elucidating the genetic etiology of abnormal brain development (ABD) in pediatric patients. We analyzed 130 children diagnosed with ABD at Gansu Maternity and Child-care Hospital between December 2018 and October 2023. Patients were categorized into non-syndromic (NS-ABD) and syndromic (S-ABD) groups, and CNV-Seq was performed to identify chromosomal aneuploidies and copy number variations (CNVs). Of the 130 cases, 42 (32.3%) exhibited genetic abnormalities, comprising 3 aneuploidies (2.3%; 2 trisomy 21, 1 trisomy 18) and 39 CNVs (30%). In the NS-ABD group ( n  = 15), abnormalities included 1 aneuploidy (6.7%), 4 pathogenic CNVs (pCNVs; 26.7%), and 10 variants of uncertain significance (VUS; 66.7%). The S-ABD group ( n  = 27) showed 2 aneuploidies (7.4%), 19 pCNVs (70.4%), and 6 VUS (22.2%). Chi-square analysis confirmed a significantly higher pCNV detection rate in the S-ABD group compared to the NS-ABD group (χ² = 40.03, P  < 0.001). CNV-Seq demonstrates a high diagnostic yield for ABD, particularly in S-ABD patients, where the detection rate of pCNVs is significantly elevated. NS-ABD patients, with subtler clinical phenotypes and lower positive detection rates, are at risk of underdiagnosis in clinical practice. Increased attention to NS-ABD cases, alongside timely prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling, is essential to improve clinical outcomes.

Tendinopathy is characterized by degenerative changes in tendon tissue, with its pathogenesis closely associated with macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Bioinformatics analysis of tendinopathic tissues revealed a significant upregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in macrophages, which accompanied with robust immune activation and marked Janus Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway inhibition. In tendinopathy mouse models, both pro-inflammatory cytokines and PTP1B were found to be highly expressed in tendon tissues. However, conditional deletion of Ptpn1 (encoding PTP1B, Ptpn1 -/- ) in macrophages significantly alleviated tendon inflammation and fibrosis, indicating a strong association between PTP1B and tendinopathy. Mechanistically, in vivo experiments demonstrated that macrophage PTP1B suppressed STAT3 activation by inhibiting JAK2 phosphorylation, and inhibited the mitochondrial fusion protein Optic Atrophy1 (OPA1), resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. This process activated the Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/Stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING) pathway, elevating the levels of inflammation and exacerbating tendon injury. In summary, macrophage PTP1B was shown to regulate mitochondrial dynamics via the JAK2/STAT3-OPA1 axis and trigger inflammation through activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, representing a key mechanism underlying the progression of tendinopathy. Targeting PTP1B or associated pathways may provide novel therapeutic strategies for tendinopathy.

The Chinese HuanjingJianzai-2 (HJ-2) A/B satellites are equipped with advanced sensors, including a Multispectral Camera (MSC) and a Polarized Scanning Atmospheric Corrector (PSAC). To address the challenges of atmospheric correction (AC) for the MSC’s wide-swath, wide-field images, this study proposes a pixel-by-pixel method incorporating Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) effects. The approach uses synchronous atmospheric parameters from the PSAC, an atmospheric correction lookup table, and a semi-empirical BRDF model to produce surface reflectance (SR) products through radiative, adjacency effect, and BRDF corrections. The corrected images showed significant improvements in clarity and contrast compared to pre-correction images, with minimum increases of 55.91% and 35.63%, respectively. Validation experiments in Dunhuang and Hefei, China, demonstrated high consistency between the corrected SR and ground-truth data, with maximum deviations below 0.03. For surface types not covered by ground measurements, comparisons with Sentinel-2 SR products yielded maximum deviations below 0.04. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving image quality and accuracy, providing reliable data support for applications such as disaster monitoring, water resource management, and crop monitoring.

Thin-film interference in photoresist stacks can become a significant source of uncertainty in lithographic focus metrology, particularly when high measurement stability is required. To evaluate this effect, a Fresnel-based multilayer reflection model is used to analyze the optical response of the resist stack and to guide the selection of dual-wavelength illumination. On this basis, a dual-wavelength optical triangulation system is developed for focus metrology in 350 nm lithography, with signal acquisition performed by a linear charge-coupled device (LCCD). Rather than improving precision by reducing detector pitch, the system employs a two-stage sub-pixel localization strategy in which template matching provides coarse spot localization and weighted centroid interpolation refines the final position within localized calculation windows, keeping the computational cost manageable. A covariance-based uncertainty analysis predicts a total root-mean-square uncertainty of 27.23 nm. Prototype experiments were performed on a bare silicon wafer to establish the intrinsic performance of the instrument before introducing process-dependent optical effects. Under these conditions, the system achieved a vertical resolution of 10 nm, a repeatability of 35 nm, and a stability of 13.16 nm. The additional uncertainty expected under resist-coated-wafer conditions was assessed separately through the thin-film model. These results verify the baseline capability of the proposed system and support the feasibility of the dual-wavelength strategy for focus metrology in 350 nm lithography.

The Polarization CrossFire (PCF) suite onboard the Chinese GaoFen-5(02) satellite has been sophisticatedly composed by the Particulate Observing Scanning Polarimeter (POSP) and the Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC). Among them, DPC is a multi-angle sequential measurement polarization imager, while POSP is a cross-track scanning simultaneous polarimeter with corresponding radiometric and polarimetric calibrators, which can theoretically be used for cross comparison and calibration with DPC. After the data preprocessing of these two sensors, we first select local homogeneous cluster scenes by calculating the local variance-to-mean ratio in DPC’s Level 1 product projection grids to reduce the influence of scale differences and geometry misalignment between DPC and POSP. Then, taking the observation results after POSP data quality assurance as the abscissa and taking the DPC observation results under the same wavelength band and geometric conditions as the same ordinate, a two-dimensional radiation/polarization feature space is established. Results show that the normalized top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiances of DPC and POSP processed data at the nadir are linearly correlated. The normalized TOA radiance root mean square errors (RMSEs) look reasonable in all common bands. The DPC and POSP normalized radiance ratios in different viewing zenith angle ranges at different times reveal the temporal drift of the DPC relative radiation response. The RMSEs, mean absolute errors (MAEs), relative errors (REs), and scatter percentage of DPC degree of linear polarization (DoLP) falling within the expected error (EE = ±0.02) of POSP measured DoLP are better than 0.012, 0.009, 0.066, and 91%, respectively.

The GaoFen (GF)-5-02 satellite is one of the new generations of hyperspectral observation satellites launched by China in 2021. The directional polarimetric camera (DPC) is an optical sensor onboard the GF-5-02 satellite. The precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a key detection parameter of DPC. However, the existing PWV data developed using DPC data have significant errors due to the lack of the timely calibration of the two bands (865, 910 nm) of DPC used for PWV retrieval. In order to acquire DPC PWV data with smaller errors, a calibration method is developed for these two bands. The method consists of two parts: (1) calibrate the 865 nm band of the DPC using the cross-calibration method, (2) calibrate the 910 nm band of the DPC according to the calibrated 865 nm band of the DPC. This method effectively addresses the issue of the absence of a calibration method for the water vapor absorption band (910 nm) of the DPC. Regardless of whether AERONET PWV data or SuomiNET PWV data are used as the reference data, the accuracy of the DPC PWV data developed using calibrated DPC data is significantly superior to that of the DPC PWV data retrieved using data before recalibration. This means that the calibration method for the NIR bands of the DPC can effectively enhance the quality of DPC PWV data.

The Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) carried by the Chinese GaoFen-5-02 (GF-5-02) satellite has the ability for multiangle, multispectral, and polarization detection and will play an important role in the inversion of atmospheric aerosol and cloud characteristics. To ensure the validity of the DPC on-orbit multiangle and multispectral polarization data, high-precision image registration and geolocation are vital. High-precision geometric model parameters are a prerequisite for on-orbit image registration and geolocation. Therefore, on the basis of the multiangle imaging characteristics of DPC, an on-orbit autonomous geometric calibration method without ground reference data is proposed. The method includes three steps: (1) preprocessing the original image of the DPC and the satellite attitude and orbit parameters; (2) scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm to match homologous points between multiangle images; (3) optimization of geometric model parameters on-orbit using least square theory. To verify the effectiveness of the on-orbit autonomous geometric calibration method, the image registration performance and relative geolocation accuracy before and after DPC on-orbit geometric calibration were evaluated and analyzed using the SIFT algorithm and the coastline crossing method (CCM). The results show that the on-orbit autonomous geometric calibration effectively improves the DPC image registration and relative geolocation accuracy. After on-orbit calibration, the multiangle image registration accuracy is better than 1.530 km, the multispectral image registration accuracy is better than 0.650 km, and the relative geolocation accuracy is better than 1.275 km, all reaching the subpixel level (<1.7 km).

As the latest members of Chinese Environmental Protection and Disaster Monitoring Satellite Constellation, the first two of HuanjingJianzai-2 (HJ-2) series satellites were launched on 27 September 2020 by China and are usually abbreviated as HJ-2 A/B satellites. The polarized scanning atmospheric corrector (PSAC) is one of main sensors onboard HJ-2 A/B satellites, which is mainly used to monitor atmospheric components such as water vapor and aerosols. In this study, a columnar water vapor (CWV) retrieval algorithm using two bands (865 and 910 nm) is developed for PSAC. The validation results of PSAC CWV data based on ground-based CWV data derived from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) show that PSAC CWV data has a high accuracy, and all statistical parameters of PSAC CWV data are better than those of Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) CWV data released by NASA. Overall, there is no obvious overestimation or underestimation in PSAC CWV data. The root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), relative error (RE), and percentage of CWV data with error within ±(0.05+0.10∗CWVAERONET) (PER10) of PSAC CWV data are 0.17 cm, 0.13 cm, 0.08, and 78.19%, respectively. The RMSE, MAE, RE, and PER10 of MODIS CWV data are 0.59 cm, 0.48 cm, 0.28, and 16.55%, respectively. Compared with MODIS CWV data, PSAC CWV data shows a 71% decrease in RMSE, a 73% decrease in MAE, a 71% decrease in RE, and a 372% increase in PER10. In addition, the results of day-to-day comparisons between PSAC CWV data and AERONET data show that PSAC CWV data can effectively characterize the change trend of CWV.

2219-T87 aluminum alloy is widely used for fabricating liquid rocket propellant storage tank, due to its admirable cryogenic property. Welding is the dominant joining method in the manufacturing process of aerospace components. In this study, the tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding (FSW) characteristics of 4-mm-thick 2219-T87 alloy plate at room temperature (25 °C) and deep cryogenic temperature (−196 °C) were investigated by property measurements and microscopy methods. The studied 2219 base alloy exhibits a low strength plane anisotropy and excellent room temperature and cryogenic mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength values of TIG and FSW welding joints can reach 265 and 353 MPa at room temperature, and 342 and 438 MPa at −196 °C, respectively. The base metal consists of elongated deformed grains and many nano-scaled θ (Al2Cu) aging precipitates. Fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the TIG joint are characterized by coarsening dendritic grains and equiaxed recrystallized grains, respectively. The FSW-welded joint consists of the weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and HAZ. In the weld nugget zone, a micro-scaled sub-grain structure is the main microstructure characteristic. The TMAZ and HAZ are both characterized by coarsened aging precipitates and elongated deformed grains. The excellent FSW welding properties are attributed to the preservation of the working structures and homogenous chemical compositions.

Photodetector spectral responsivity is usually affected by photosensitive surface temperatures. The Photosensitive Surface Temperatures (PSTs) of the long wavelength-type InGaAs detector used in the Polarized Scanning Atmospheric Corrector (PSAC), which adopts an active Constant-Current Cooling (CCC) scheme, can be changed with ambient temperature. To correct this responsivity temperature characteristic, a Responsivity Temperature Dependence Correction (RTDC) model was established with parameters obtained using an instrument-level experiment. Moreover, a detector-level experiment under ambient conditions was also explored to acquire model parameters. The instrument-level and detector-level experimental results show that the responsivity of a PSAC 2250 nm channel operating on orbit (PST ≈ −65 °C) with a 35 °C PST difference is reduced by approximately 1.2% and 1.5% compared with a laboratory-based radiometric test (PST ≈ −30 °C). The 1.08% responsivity change (−61 °C < PST < −38 °C) in the temperature drift simulation experiment is reduced to approximately 0.38% and 0.34%, respectively. The consistency between the two experimental results preliminarily verifies the substitutability of this detector-level experiment for this type of detector. The RTDC experiments are applicable to other spaceborne remote sensors. The detector-level experiment explored herein provides a reference for realizing RTDC under ambient temperature conditions at low costs.