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Self versus non-self discrimination is a central theme in biology from plants 1 to vertebrates, and is particularly relevant for lymphocytes that express receptors capable of recognizing self-tissues and foreign invaders. Comprising the third largest lymphocyte population, natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill cellular targets and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. These potentially self-destructive effector functions can be controlled by inhibitory receptors for the polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules that are ubiquitously expressed on target cells 2 , 3 , 4 . However, inhibitory receptors are not uniformly expressed on NK cells, and are germline-encoded by a set of polymorphic genes that segregate independently from MHC genes 5 , 6 . Therefore, how NK-cell self-tolerance arises in vivo is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that NK cells acquire functional competence through ‘licensing’ by self-MHC molecules. Licensing involves a positive role for MHC-specific inhibitory receptors and requires the cytoplasmic inhibitory motif originally identified in effector responses. This process results in two types of self-tolerant NK cells—licensed or unlicensed—and may provide new insights for exploiting NK cells in immunotherapy. This self-tolerance mechanism may be more broadly applicable within the vertebrate immune system because related germline-encoded inhibitory receptors are widely expressed on other immune cells.

Funded by a Public Health Ontario 'Locally Driven Collaborative Project' grant, a team led by public health practitioners set out to develop and test a comprehensive set of indicators to guide health equity work in local public health agencies (LPHAs). The project began with a scoping review, consultation with content experts, and development of a face-validated set of indicators aligned with the four public health roles to address health inequities (NCCDH, 2014), plus a fifth set of indicators related to an organizational and system development role. We report here on the field testing of the indicators for feasibility, face validity (clarity, relevance), reliability, and comparability in four Ontario LPHAs. Data were collected by two separate individuals or groups at each site, during two consecutive periods. These individuals participated in separate focus groups at the end of each test period, which further examined indicator clarity, data source availability and relevance. A third focus group explored anticipated indicator uses. Field testing showed that indicators addressed important issues in all public health roles. Although the capacity for indicator use varied, all test sites found the indicators useful. Suggestions for improved clarity were used to refine the final set of indicators, and to develop a Health Equity Indicator User Guide with background information and recommended resources. The process of evaluating health equity-related activity within LPHAs is still in its early stages. This project provides Ontario LPHAs with a tool to guide health equity work that may be adaptable to other Canadian jurisdictions.

Most Canadians are aware of the risk of cellphone use while driving, yet this awareness has little impact on behaviour, especially young driver behaviours. A systematic literature review was conducted to gain a better understanding of this issue. Articles published between 2000 and 2015 were searched within 4 databases using the keywords distract*, driv*, and phone. Only articles pertaining to cellphone use while driving and related to young drivers aged 16-24 were included. Three categories were created based on recurrent topics: self-reported behaviours and attitudes, simulation and naturalistic studies, and prevention. Texting while driving effects drivers' visual scanning of the road; their ability to maintain speed, headway, and lane position; and their ability to follow lane change signs, causing an increased chance in driving collisions. The literature also shows that this behaviour predicts other risky driving behaviours such as speeding while talking on the phone. Furthermore, any form of conversation, including hands free, can be distracting to the driver. Interestingly, drivers are aware of the risks and dangers, yet continue to engage in the behaviour. Young drivers have a lower risk perception of engaging in such risky behaviours which helps explain the prevalence of texting and driving among these individuals. Cellphone use while driving clearly remains a prevalent issue among this age group, which highlights the importance of addressing this matter. La plupart des Canadiens sont conscients des risques d'utilisation du téléphone cellulaire au volant, mais cette prise de conscience a peu d'incidence sur le comportement, en particulier celui des jeunes conducteurs. Une revue systématique de la littérature a été effectuée afin d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension de cette question. Des articles publiés entre 2000 et 2015 ont été parcourus dans les quatre bases de données en utilisant les mots-clés anglais distract*, driv*, et phone (traduction libre : distraire*, condui*, et téléphone). Seuls les articles ayant trait à l'utilisation des cellulaires au volant et concernant les jeunes conducteurs âgés de 16 à 24 ans ont été inclus. Trois catégories ont été créées à partir des thèmes récurrents : attitudes et comportements déclarés, simulation et études naturalistes, et prévention. L'envoi de messages texte au volant affecte le balayage visuel de la route des conducteurs; leur capacité à maintenir la vitesse, l'espacement par rapport aux autres véhicules et leur position dans la voie de circulation; ainsi que leur capacité à suivre les signaux de changement de voie, entraînant un risque accru de collisions. La littérature montre également que ce comportement prédit d'autres comportements à risque au volant telles que l'excès de vitesse en parlant au téléphone. En outre, toute forme de conversation, y compris en mains libres, peut être distrayante pour le conducteur. Fait intéressant, les conducteurs sont conscients des risques et dangers, et pourtant continuent à adopter ce comportement. Les jeunes conducteurs ont une plus faible perception du risque associé à l'adoption de tels comportements ce qui contribue à expliquer la prévalence de l'envoi de messages texte au volant parmi ces personnes. L'utilisation des cellulaires au volant reste un enjeu d'actualité parmi ce groupe d'âge, ce qui montre l'importance d'aborder cette question. Public Significance Statement Young drivers are at the highest risk for crashes caused by cellphone use while driving. The results of this systematic literature review revealed that young drivers are aware that this behaviour is dangerous. However, they continue to engage in this behaviour. Data provided by this review can help assist in forming prevention strategies to deter this highly at-risk age group from this behaviour.

This study examined eye-movement patterns of young adults, while they were viewing texting and driving prevention advertisements, to determine which format attracts the most attention. As young adults are the most at risk for this public health issue, understanding which format is most successful at maintaining young adults' attention is especially important. Participants viewed nondriving, general distracted driving, and texting and driving advertisements. Each of these advertisement types were edited to contain text-only, image-only, and text and image content. Participants were told that they had unlimited time to view each advertisement, while their eye-movements were recorded throughout. Participants spent more time viewing the texting and driving advertisements than other types when they comprised text only. When examining differences in attention to the text and image portions of the advertisements, participants spent more time viewing the images than the text for the nondriving and general distracted driving advertisements. However, for texting and driving-specific advertisements the text-only format resulted in the most attention toward the advertisements. These results indicate that in attracting young adults' attention to texting and driving public health advertisements, the most successful format would be text-based. Cette étude a porté sur les configurations de mouvement oculaire de jeunes adultes en présence d'annonces de prévention de l'envoi de messages textes au volant dans le but de déterminer quel format retient le plus leur attention. Comme les jeunes adultes représentent le groupe d'âge le plus à risque relativement à ce problème de santé publique, il est particulièrement important de découvrir le format le plus susceptible de retenir leur attention. Les participants ont visionné des annonces non liées à la conduite, des annonces portant sur la distraction au volant et des annonces portant sur l'envoi de messages textes au volant. On a modifié chacune de ces annonces pour que son contenu soit d'un des trois types suivants : uniquement du texte, uniquement des images ou une combinaison de texte et d'images. On a informé les participants qu'ils disposaient d'un temps illimité pour visionner chacune des annonces, pendant qu'on enregistrait leurs mouvements oculaires tout au long de la séance. Les participants ont passé plus de temps à visionner les annonces portant sur l'envoi de messages textes au volant que les autres types d'annonces lorsque celles-ci ne contenaient que du texte. Sur le plan des différences de niveau d'attention entre la zone texte et la zone image des annonces, on s'est aperçu que les participants ont passé plus de temps à visionner les images que le texte dans le cas des annonces non liées à la conduite et celles de distraction au volant. Toutefois, en ce qui concerne les annonces sur l'envoi de messages textes au volant, les annonces de format texte seul ont retenu le plus d'attention. Ces résultats montrent que, lorsqu'on a pour but d'attirer l'attention des jeunes adultes sur les annonces de santé publique portant sur l'envoi de messages textes au volant, c'est le format texte qui se révélerait le plus efficace. Public Significance Statement Texting and driving advertisements that consisted of text-only content were found to attract young adults' attention the most in comparison to image only and text and image combined advertisements. As this age group is the most susceptible to texting and driving related accidents, future public health advertisements for texting and driving can use this information to create the most successful format of this advertisement.

OBJECTIVE: To determine what organizational level indicators exist that could be used by local Ontario public health agencies to monitor and guide their progress in addressing health equity. METHOD: This scoping review employed Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) six-stage framework. Multiple online databases and grey literature sources were searched using a comprehensive strategy. Studies were included if they described or used indicators to assess an organization’s health equity activity. Abstracted indicator descriptions were classified using the roles for public health action identified by the Canadian National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health (NCCDH). Health equity experts participated in a consultation phase to examine items extracted from the literature. SYNTHESIS: Eighteen peer-reviewed studies and 30 grey literature reports were included. Abstracted indicators were considered for 1) relevance for organizational assessment, 2) ability to highlight equity-seeking populations, and 3) potential feasibilityforapplication. Twenty-eight items formed the basis for consultation with 13 selected health equity experts. Items considered for retention were all noted to require significant clarification, definition and development. Those eliminated were often redundant or not an organizational level indicator. CONCLUSION: Few evidence-based, validated indicators to monitor and guide progress to address health inequities at the level of the local public health organization were identified. There is a need for continued development of identified indicator items, including careful operationalization of concepts and establishing clear definitions for key terms.

Experimental infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been used to elucidate the intricate host-pathogen mechanisms that determine innate resistance to infection. Linkage analyses in F 2 progeny from MCMV-resistant MA/My ( H2 k ) and MCMV-susceptible BALB/c ( H2 d ) and BALB.K ( H2 k ) mouse strains indicated that only the combination of alleles encoded by a gene in the Klra (also called Ly49 ) cluster on chromosome 6, and one in the major histocompatibility complex ( H2 ) on chromosome 17, is associated with virus resistance. We found that natural killer cell–activating receptor Ly49P specifically recognized MCMV-infected cells, dependent on the presence of the H2 k haplotype. This binding was blocked using antibodies to H-2D k but not antibodies to H-2K k . These results are suggestive of a new natural killer cell mechanism implicated in MCMV resistance, which depends on the functional interaction of the Ly49P receptor and the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule H-2D k on MCMV-infected cells.

The natural gas and oil industry approaches cybersecurity similar to the way we approach safety--as a top priory and by taking a systematic, multi-dimensional approach that allows us to adapt to the evolving cybersecurity landscape. Working together with industry and government, the American Petroleum Institute (API) has taken a major step to enhance protection of critical pipeline infrastructure by publishing the 3rd edition of Standard 1164, Pipeline Control Systems Cybersecurity. Here, Lemieux discusses the API standard.

A process evaluation was conducted of the Northern Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program (NFVPP), a government-funded health promotion initiative. The objectives were to determine how the program was implemented and to identify program facilitators and challenges. Facilitators and challenges in the implementation of the free fruit and vegetable snack program were assessed through qualitative interviews with school-level stakeholders (i.e., food preparers, teachers, and principals) and tracking wasted produce. The implementation of an enhanced nutrition education (ENE) component was assessed through a teacher survey. School-level stakeholders saw the NFVPP as a valuable program. Key facilitators included teacher role-modelling and sufficient funding for supplies and personnel. Key challenges included produce delivery, quality, wastage, and variety. The ENE component was minimally implemented. The study identified program strengths and areas that could be improved. As a result, changes were made to how the NFVPP was implemented in schools the following year. The use of qualitative methods enabled program planners to understand the program implementation process.

Mon mémoire porte sur le processus social explicatif de l'acte de création musicale qui est en apparence un acte individuel. Notre position s'inscrit dans la tradition sociologique ouverte par Durkheim qui considère qu'un acte aussi individuel que composer la musique est un fait social. En retraçant le processus de création dans la composition d'une chanson au sein des populations franco-ontarienne et autochtone du Nord de l'Ontario, notre mémoire cherche à montrer que l'acte de création est en bonne partie produit par l'histoire individuelle et collective, l'identité et le contexte sociale des sujets. Les données proviennent de vingt sujets: dix compositeurs de musique franco-ontariens et dix compositeurs de musique autochtones, tirés de quatre municipalités du Nord de l'Ontario. Les résultats de l'enquête ont permis de constater que le processus de création de la musique est le résultat de l'histoire individuelle et collective, l'identité, le contexte social du sujet. Les autochtones font partie d'une culture orale où le processus est moins individuel que collectif, l'histoire racontée est celle du groupe, de sa mémoire, etc. et les francophones font partie d'une culture historique, qui après une phase d'affirmation collective, c'est l'intérêt de l'individu qui prime, qui transcende l'expérience de création, c'est le M-O-I qui est le centre de l'univers.