Explore the vast range of titles available.

Classification of land use and land cover from remote sensing images has been widely used in natural resources and urban information management. The variability and complex background of land use in high-resolution imagery poses greater challenges for remote sensing semantic segmentation. To obtain multi-scale semantic information and improve the classification accuracy of land-use types in remote sensing images, the deep learning models have been wildly focused on. Inspired by the idea of the atrous-spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) framework, an improved deep learning model named RAANet (Residual ASPP with Attention Net) is constructed in this paper, which constructed a new residual ASPP by embedding the attention module and residual structure into the ASPP. There are 5 dilated attention convolution units and a residual unit in its encoder. The former is used to obtain important semantic information at more scales, and residual units are used to reduce the complexity of the network to prevent the disappearance of gradients. In practical applications, according to the characteristics of the data set, the attention unit can select different attention modules such as the convolutional block attention model (CBAM). The experimental results obtained from the land-cover domain adaptive semantic segmentation (LoveDA) and ISPRS Vaihingen datasets showed that this model can enhance the classification accuracy of semantic segmentation compared to the current deep learning models.

A novel scour protection approach for pipeline using the Ionic Soil Stabilizer (ISS) solidified soil was proposed in this study. The ISS-solidified slurry can be poured adjacent to the pipeline immediately after it was placed, or in the growing scour holes. In the present study, the first type was utilized as the scour protection layer around the pipeline. A series of laboratory flume tests were conducted to validate the protective capacity of ISS-solidified slurry for the pipeline in waves and combined waves and current. Then, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests and pore size tests were carried out, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of ISS-solidified slurry for scour protection around the pipeline. Finally, the effects of the ISS-solidified layer for liquefaction stability of non-cohesive subsoil were evaluated. The results indicated that the ISS-solidified slurry is a reliable, economic approach for scour protection around pipelines in the ocean environment. It is noteworthy that if a non-cohesive soil layer underlies the ISS-solidified slurry, it is vulnerable to suffer accumulated liquefaction due to the dense crust structure of the ISS-solidified layer, so the adverse effects for accumulated liquefaction should be considered carefully due to the set of the ISS-solidified layer.

Vestibular and oculomotor abnormalities have been widely identified in Fabry disease (FD), with inflammation potentially playing an important role. We aim to investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines (ICs) in FD patients and their relationship with the vestibular/oculomotor dysfunctions. This prospective observational study enrolled 40 FD patients. All 40 patients underwent the visuo-oculomotor examination, and 22 of them received the vestibulo-oculomotor examination. Plasma concentrations of 14 ICs were detected, including interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF-β. Statistical analyses were made between different subgroups of patients. (1) In the visuo-oculomotor examination, TNF-β was significantly higher in patients with prolonged saccade latency (1.61 ± 0.38 VS 1.14 ± 0.39, p=0.001) and hypometria (1.46 ± 0.39 VS 1.18 ± 0.48, p=0.043) than in patients without those abnormalities. The average saccade latency was positively correlated with the level of TNF-β (r=0.378, p=0.021), while the average saccadic accuracy was negatively correlated with the level of TNF-β (r=-0.333, p=0.044). IL-12p70 was significantly elevated in patients with defective pursuit compared to patients with normal pursuit (1.63 ± 0.20 VS 1.21 ± 0.54, p=0.040). (2) In the patients with vestibulo-oculomotor dysfunction, the plasma levels of IL-2 (3.40 ± 1.00 VS 2.13 ± 0.91, p=0.007), IL-17A (6.42 ± 3.59 VS 3.05 ± 2.13, p=0.021) and TNF-β (1.55 ± 0.41 VS 1.21 ± 0.37, p=0.030) were significantly elevated compared to the patients with normal vestibulo-oculomotor function. Inflammation-mediated pathological mechanism, especially TNF-β-related pathways, is associated to both central and peripheral vestibular dysfunction in FD patients.

We sincerely thank the Editor for the opportunity to respond to this correspondence and are grateful to the authors for their thoughtful and constructive comments on our article [...].We sincerely thank the Editor for the opportunity to respond to this correspondence and are grateful to the authors for their thoughtful and constructive comments on our article [...].

Objective: To investigate whether a detailed historical questionnaire can predict the affected semicircular canal and lateralization in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Methods: In this retrospective study, 459 patients with positional vertigo were evaluated, of whom 236 patients diagnosed with BPPV completed a symptom-based questionnaire. Based on the questionnaire data, logistic regression models were developed to predict lateralization and the affected semicircular canal. The clinical diagnosis of BPPV served as the reference standard. A nomogram was constructed based on the final logistic regression model, and model performance was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in both training and validation cohorts. Results: Among 220 BPPV patients included, 152 (69.09%) were diagnosed with posterior semicircular canal BPPV (PSC-BPPV), 49 (22.27%) with horizontal semicircular canal canalolithiasis (HSC-BPPV-can), and 19 (8.64%) with horizontal semicircular canal cupulolithiasis (HSC-BPPV-cup). Waking up, lying down and rotating the head toward the left/right in the supine position, triggering vertigo, were significant predictors of the affected semicircular canal. Rotating the head toward the left/right in the supine position and vertigo duration were significantly predictors for lateralization. The AUCs were 0.787 and 0.714 for lateralization, and 0.814 and 0.842 for canal prediction in training and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusions: The nomogram demonstrated good consistency with the reference standard diagnoses and may facilitate the identification of the affected side and canal in BPPV.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo (SHLV) and vestibular neuritis (VN) remain frequent causes of acute vestibular syndrome (AVS). The aim of study was to compare the results of video head impulse test (vHIT) in patients with SHLV and VN. The characteristics of high-frequency vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR) and the differences of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these two AVS were explored. Fifty-seven SHLV patients and 31 VN patients were enrolled. vHIT was conducted at the initial presentation. The VOR gains and occurrence of corrective saccades (CSs) of anterior, horizontal, and posterior semicircular canals (SCCs) in two groups were analyzed. Pathological vHIT results refer to impaired VOR gains and presence of CSs. In SHLV group, pathological vHIT results was most prevalent in the posterior SCC on the affected side (30/57, 52.63%), followed by horizontal (12/57, 21.05%) and anterior SCC (3/57, 5.26%). In VN group, pathological vHIT preferentially affected horizontal SCC (24/31, 77.42%), followed by anterior (10/31, 32.26%) and posterior SCC (9/31, 29.03%) on the affected side. As for anterior and horizontal SCC on the affected side, the incidences of pathological vHIT results in VN group were significantly higher than those in SHLV group (  = 2.905, < 0.01;  = 2.183, < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the incidence of pathological vHIT result in posterior SCC between two groups. Comparison of vHIT results in patients with SHLV and VN revealed discrepancies in the pattern of SCCs impairments, which may be explained by different pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these two vestibular disorders presenting as AVS.

Background and Clinical Significance: Intralabyrinthine schwannoma (ILS) is a rare benign tumor of the inner ear, often presenting with nonspecific symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. Vestibular function in ILS patients remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function and inner ear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes in ILS, and to provide insights into potential mechanisms underlying vestibular dysfunction. Case Presentation: We report four cases of MRI confirmed ILS, including two intravestibular and two intravestibulocochlear schwannomas. All patients exhibited unilateral canal paresis on caloric testing, and two of three showed abnormal video head impulse test (vHIT) with decreased VOR gain and corrective saccades. Decreased signal intensity was observed in the semicircular canals in three cases, in the vestibule in one case, and in the cochlea in one case. A systematic literature review including 10 studies (n = 171) showed a 73.3% rate of abnormal caloric responses. Five studies conducted vHIT, reporting reduced mean VOR gain and corrective saccades, though quantitative analysis was limited. Cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential abnormalities were found in 68.4% and 65.7% of reported cases, respectively. Conclusions: Impaired VOR function in patients with ILS may result not only from anatomical disruption but also from underlying biochemical or metabolic alterations within the inner ear.

Stroke is one of the top causes of death and disability worldwide, and its pathogenesis and mechanism have not been fully elucidated. Several agents have shown protective effects against stroke in animal models; however, few studies have shown obvious effects in clinical practice. This might be due to differences in brain structure and physiological function between humans and rodents. In this study, we established a hypoxic stroke model in human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived brain organoids to simulate the hypoxic stroke caused by ischemia. Then, by combining proteomics, single-cell transcriptome analysis, and histopathological analysis, a significant increase of three types of astrocytes was identified and they showed different responses to hypoxic environments; also the main type of astrocyte that cause brain tissue hyperplasia in ischemia brains was identified. In addition, the cortical excitatory neurons had signs of apoptosis and aging after hypoxia both in vivo and in vitro. Most importantly, we identified a possible role of a traditional Chinese medicine formula called DengZhanShengMai capsule in ischemic and hypoxic stroke treatment through regulation of lipid metabolism related biological functions. These results indicate that the combination of brain organoids and multiomics method is helpful for developing a new strategy to direct study stroke, and could provide a promising platform for drug screening of stroke in the future. [Display omitted] •Hypoxic stroke model in hiPSC-derived brain organoids was established.•Critical changed cell types and pathogenesis based on stroke models were identified.•The role of a traditional Chinese medicine in stroke treatment was investigated.•Combination of brain organoids and multiomics provides a platform to study stroke.

Identifying volcanic reservoir types and their distribution patterns in volcanic edifices is important for accurate prediction and exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Herein, we analyzed the distribution patterns of different reservoir levels in volcanic edifices, discussed controlling factors, and reclassified reservoir types. This was done using core observations, whole-rock geochemistry, and reservoir physical property analysis, combined with logging, drilling, seismic, and oil-gas test data. Reservoirs can be divided into three classes based on their physical properties. The Mesozoic intermediate and basic rocks formed Class I reservoirs, most lithologies formed Class II reservoirs, and diabase intrusions and tight volcanic rocks formed Class III reservoirs. Reservoirs form in different lithologies in the Huanghua depression due to weathering. Tectonic faults deepen the influence of weathering leading to the formation of reservoirs in tight. Additionally, volcanic rhythms and fractures control the vertical distribution of Cenozoic basaltic reservoirs. Volcanic reservoirs are classified into five types based on the main controlling factors and distribution patterns in volcanic edifices: tectonic-alteration, vesicle-fracture, weathered-effusive, weathered-eruptive, and weathered-tectonic types. Among these, the weathered-eruptive type can easily form Class I reservoirs, making it the best target for exploration. Whereas the weathered-tectonic and vesicle-fracture types tend to develop Class II reservoirs and can be potential targets. The new classification takes into account the relationship between reservoir levels and their distribution in volcanic edifices, it is more conducive to igneous reservoir prediction in the Huanghua depression. This study provides a novel idea for the classification and comparative study of igneous reservoirs in petroliferous basins.

Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of diarrhea in young children worldwide. The currently available and licensed vaccines contain live attenuated RVs. Optimization of live attenuated RV vaccines or developing non-replicating RV (e.g., mRNA) vaccines is crucial for reducing the morbidity and mortality from RV infections. Herein, a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) and encoding the VP7 protein from the G1 type of RV was developed. The 5′ untranslated region of an isolated human RV was utilized for the mRNA vaccine. After undergoing quality inspection, the VP7-mRNA vaccine was injected by subcutaneous or intramuscular routes into mice. Mice received three injections in 21 d intervals. IgG antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, cellular immunity, and gene expression from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated. Significant differences in levels of IgG antibodies were not observed in groups with adjuvant but were observed in groups without adjuvant. The vaccine without adjuvant induced the highest antibody titers after intramuscular injection. The vaccine elicited a potent antiviral immune response characterized by antiviral clusters of differentiation CD8+ T cells. VP7-mRNA induced interferon-γ secretion to mediate cellular immune responses. Chemokine-mediated signaling pathways and immune response were activated by VP7-mRNA vaccine injection. The mRNA LNP vaccine will require testing for protective efficacy, and it is an option for preventing rotavirus infection.