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إمبراطورية تينسنت ما هو تينغ : قصة نجاح مجموعة تينسنت للبرمجيات (وي تشات-كيو كيو)
يتناول الكتاب الحديث عن (ما هو تينغ) الرجل الذي يحب الجميع أن يكرهه وأحد عمالقة صناعة الإنترنت الستة في الصين، عشر سنوات هي المدة التي احتاجها (ما هو تينغ) ليجعل من مؤسسة تينسنت نموذجا لصناعة الإنترنت في الصين بل والعالم، (تينسنت) قصة مؤسسة بدأت على يد مطور برامج رسائل لتصبح صاحبة أعلى قيمة سوقية لشركات الإنترنت فى الصين، (كيو كيو) برنامج المحادثة الذي كان سببا في نجاح (ما هو تينغ) في حياته العملية وكان أيضا سببا في عثوره على شريكة حياته، فقد كان نجاح (ما هو تينغ) مبنيا على تقليد الآخرين، فكان التلميذ الذي تفوق على أساتذته، لقد بدأ من حيث انتهى الآخرون ليصنع أشهر برنامج محادثة في الصين والذي تجاوزت شهرته البرنامج الأصلي ICQ، إنها قصة كفاح وصعود رجل حلم وكافح من أجل تحقيق حلمه، رجل يسميه الصينيون بيل جيتس الصين، رجل بدءا من لا شيء وأصبح يملك كل شيء.
BOOK
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis
Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create an interactive three-dimensional (3D) world, which gives users a sense of spatial presence. In nursing education, VR has been used to help optimize teaching and learning processes.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in nursing education in the areas of knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time.
We conducted a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of VR in nursing education based on the Cochrane methodology. An electronic literature search using the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), up to December 2019 was conducted to identify studies that reported the effectiveness of VR on knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. The study selection and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the selected studies was determined using the Cochrane criteria for risk-of-bias assessment.
A total of 12 studies, including 821 participants, were selected for the final analysis. We found that VR was more effective than the control conditions in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.75, P<.001, I
=47%). However, there was no difference between VR and the control conditions in skills (SMD=0.01, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.26, P=.93, I
=37%), satisfaction (SMD=0.01, 95% CI -0.79 to 0.80, P=.99, I
=86%), confidence (SMD=0.00, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.27, P=.99, I
=0%), and performance time (SMD=-0.55, 95% CI -2.04 to 0.94, P=.47, I
=97%).
The results of this study suggest that VR can effectively improve knowledge in nursing education, but it was not more effective than other education methods in areas of skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. Further rigorous studies with a larger sample size are warranted to confirm these results.
Journal Article
قصة نجاح مجموعة تينسنت للبرمجيات : إمبراطورية تينسنت ما هوا تينغ
يتناول الكتاب الحديث عن (ما هو تينغ) الرجل الذي يحب الجميع أن يكرهه وأحد عمالقة صناعة الإنترنت الستة في الصين، عشر سنوات هي المدة التي احتاجها (ما هو تينغ) ليجعل من مؤسسة تينسنت نموذجا لصناعة الإنترنت في الصين بل والعالم، (تينسنت) قصة مؤسسة بدأت على يد مطور برامج رسائل لتصبح صاحبة أعلى قيمة سوقية لشركات الإنترنت في الصين، (كيو كيو) برنامج المحادثة الذي كان سببا في نجاح (ما هو تينغ) في حياته العملية وكان أيضا سببا في عثوره على شريكة حياته، فقد كان نجاح (ما هو تينغ) مبنيا على تقليد الآخرين، فكان التلميذ الذي تفوق على أساتذته، لقد بدأ من حيث انتهى الآخرون ليصنع أشهر برنامج محادثة في الصين والذي تجاوزت شهرته البرنامج الأصلي ICQ، إنها قصة كفاح وصعود رجل حلم وكافح من أجل تحقيق حلمه، رجل يسميه الصينيون بيل جيتس الصين، رجل بدءا من لا شيء وأصبح يملك كل شيء.
Book
The OsNAC24‐OsNAP protein complex activates OsGBSSI and OsSBEI expression to fine‐tune starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm
Starch accounts for up to 90% of the dry weight of rice endosperm and is a key determinant of grain quality. Although starch biosynthesis enzymes have been comprehensively studied, transcriptional regulation of starch‐synthesis enzyme‐coding genes (SECGs) is largely unknown. In this study, we explored the role of a NAC transcription factor, OsNAC24, in regulating starch biosynthesis in rice. OsNAC24 is highly expressed in developing endosperm. The endosperm of osnac24 mutants is normal in appearance as is starch granule morphology, while total starch content, amylose content, chain length distribution of amylopectin and the physicochemical properties of the starch are changed. In addition, the expression of several SECGs was altered in osnac24 mutant plants. OsNAC24 is a transcriptional activator that targets the promoters of six SECGs; OsGBSSI , OsSBEI , OsAGPS2 , OsSSI , OsSSIIIa and OsSSIVb . Since both the mRNA and protein abundances of OsGBSSI and OsSBEI were decreased in the mutants, OsNAC24 functions to regulate starch synthesis mainly through OsGBSSI and OsSBEI. Furthermore, OsNAC24 binds to the newly identified motifs TTGACAA, AGAAGA and ACAAGA as well as the core NAC‐binding motif CACG. Another NAC family member, OsNAP, interacts with OsNAC24 and coactivates target gene expression. Loss‐of‐function of OsNAP led to altered expression in all tested SECGs and reduced the starch content. These results demonstrate that the OsNAC24‐OsNAP complex plays key roles in fine‐tuning starch synthesis in rice endosperm and further suggest that manipulating the OsNAC24‐OsNAP complex regulatory network could be a potential strategy for breeding rice cultivars with improved cooking and eating quality.
Journal Article
Megaelectronvolt electron acceleration driven by terahertz surface waves
Particles at relativistic energies form the basis of acceleration science. The emergence of terahertz-driven acceleration promises vastly smaller and cost-efficient accelerators; however, the field strength inside the acceleration structure has hitherto prevented the energy gain from reaching the megaelectronvolt range. Here we demonstrate an electron energy gain of up to 1.1 MeV and an effective acceleration gradient of up to 210 MV m−1 driven by terahertz surface waves, using their strong confinement to the waveguide and the fundamental transverse magnetic mode that is favourable for acceleration. The discrepancy in the velocity between the terahertz surface waves and electrons enables potential phase-space control, including temporal compression and spatial focusing. We expect these proof-of-principle results to enable the development of a tunable and highly efficient electron accelerator driven by terahertz surface waves for application in compact microscopy, radiation sources and cancer therapies.When near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses are focused onto a metal wire, relativistic electron acceleration is observed in the attached waveguide. An electron energy gain of 1.1 MeV and an effective acceleration gradient up to 210 MV m−1 are achieved using the laser-induced terahertz surface waves.
Journal Article
Are Human Learners Capable of Learning Arbitrary Language Structures
The artificial grammar learning paradigm is a classic method of investigating the influence of universal constraints on shaping learning biases on language acquisition. While this method has been used extensively by linguists to test theoretical claims in generative grammar, one of the most prevalent frameworks in language acquisition, several studies have questioned whether artificial grammar learning reflects language acquisition enough to allow us to use it to draw inferences about the validity of universal constraints, particularly those arising from phonetic naturalness. The current study tests whether artificial grammar learning shows the effect of one robust phonetic naturalness constraint: the restriction on nasal harmony patterns arising from the sonority hierarchy. Nasal harmony is of particular interest because it is one of the few types of harmony that occurs between consonants and vowels, which is an under-researched topic. The results, contrary to the skeptical concerns, showed that participants (n = 120) could learn an artificial grammar involving a natural pattern, but could not learn one corresponding to an arbitrary/phonetically unmotivated pattern in the same way or to the same degree. This study contributes epistemic support to the large body of work using artificial grammar experiments to test phonological operations.
Journal Article
Genome-wide identification of R2R3-MYB transcription factor subfamily genes involved in salt stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Background
R2R3-MYB transcription factors belong to one of the largest gene subfamilies in plants, and they are involved in diverse biological processes. However, the role of
R2R3-MYB
transcription factor subfamily genes in the response of rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) to salt stress has been rarely reported.
Results
In this study, we performed a genome-wide characterization and expression identification of rice
R2R3-MYB
transcription factor subfamily genes. We identified a total of 117
R2R3-MY
B genes in rice and characterized their gene structure, chromosomal location, and
cis
-regulatory elements. According to the phylogenetic relationships and amino acid sequence homologies, the
R2R3-MYB
genes were divided into four groups. qRT-PCR of the
R2R3-MYB
genes showed that the expression levels of 10 genes significantly increased after 3 days of 0.8% NaCl treatment. We selected a high expression gene
OsMYB2-115
for further analysis.
OsMYB2-115
was highly expressed in the roots, stem, leaf, and leaf sheath. OsMYB2-115 was found to be localized in the nucleus, and the yeast hybrid assay showed that OsMYB2-115 has transcriptional activation activity.
Conclusion
This result provides important information for the functional analyses of rice
R2R3-MYB
transcription factor subfamily genes related to the salt stress response and reveals that
OsMYB2-115
may be an important gene associated with salt tolerance in rice.
Journal Article
Improvement of obesity-associated disorders by a small-molecule drug targeting mitochondria of adipose tissue macrophages
Pro-inflammatory activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) is causally linked to obesity and obesity-associated disorders. A number of studies have demonstrated the crucial role of mitochondrial metabolism in macrophage activation. However, there is a lack of pharmaceutical agents to target the mitochondrial metabolism of ATMs for the treatment of obesity-related diseases. Here, we characterize a near-infrared fluorophore (IR-61) that preferentially accumulates in the mitochondria of ATMs and has a therapeutic effect on diet-induced obesity as well as obesity-associated insulin resistance and fatty liver. IR-61 inhibits the classical activation of ATMs by increasing mitochondrial complex levels and oxidative phosphorylation via the ROS/Akt/Acly pathway. Taken together, our findings indicate that specific enhancement of ATMs oxidative phosphorylation improves chronic inflammation and obesity-related disorders. IR-61 might be an anti-inflammatory agent useful for the treatment of obesity-related diseases by targeting the mitochondria of ATMs.
Adipose tissue macrophages are central to controlling inflammation in the context of obesity. Here the authors present a new infrared dye (IR-61) that accumulates in the mitochondria of these cells resulting in anti-inflammatory effects that counter obesity-associated pathology in mice.
Journal Article
OsNAC129 Regulates Seed Development and Plant Growth and Participates in the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway
Grain size and the endosperm starch content determine grain yield and quality in rice. Although these yield components have been intensively studied, their regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we show that loss-of-function of OsNAC129 , a member of the NAC transcription factor gene family that has its highest expression in the immature seed, greatly increased grain length, grain weight, apparent amylose content (AAC), and plant height. Overexpression of OsNAC129 had the opposite effect, significantly decreasing grain width, grain weight, AAC, and plant height. Cytological observation of the outer epidermal cells of the lemma using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that increased grain length in the osnac129 mutant was due to increased cell length compared with wild-type (WT) plants. The expression of OsPGL1 and OsPGL2 , two positive grain-size regulators that control cell elongation, was consistently upregulated in osnac129 mutant plants but downregulated in OsNAC129 overexpression plants. Furthermore, we also found that several starch synthase-encoding genes, including OsGBSSI , were upregulated in the osnac129 mutant and downregulated in the overexpression plants compared with WT plants, implying a negative regulatory role for OsNAC129 both in grain size and starch biosynthesis. Additionally, we found that the expression of OsNAC129 was induced exclusively by abscisic acid (ABA) in seedlings, but OsNAC129 -overexpressing plants displayed reduced sensitivity to exogenous brassinolide (BR). Therefore, the results of our study demonstrate that OsNAC129 negatively regulates seed development and plant growth, and further suggest that OsNAC129 participates in the BR signaling pathway.
Journal Article
High-resolution quantitative trait locus mapping for rice grain quality traits using genotyping by sequencing
Rice is a major food crop that sustains approximately half of the world population. Recent worldwide improvements in the standard of living have increased the demand for high-quality rice. Accurate identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for rice grain quality traits will facilitate rice quality breeding and improvement. In the present study, we performed high-resolution QTL mapping for rice grain quality traits using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. An F 2 population derived from a cross between an elite japonica variety, Koshihikari, and an indica variety, Nona Bokra, was used to construct a high-density genetic map. A total of 3,830 single nucleotide polymorphism markers were mapped to 12 linkage groups spanning a total length of 2,456.4 cM, with an average genetic distance of 0.82 cM. Seven grain quality traits—the percentage of whole grain, percentage of head rice, percentage of area of head rice, transparency, percentage of chalky rice, percentage of chalkiness area, and degree of chalkiness—of the F 2 population were investigated. In total, 15 QTLs with logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores >4 were identified, which mapped to chromosomes 6, 7, and 9. These loci include four QTLs for transparency, four for percentage of chalky rice, four for percentage of chalkiness area, and three for degree of chalkiness, accounting for 0.01%–61.64% of the total phenotypic variation. Of these QTLs, only one overlapped with previously reported QTLs, and the others were novel. By comparing the major QTL regions in the rice genome, several key candidate genes reported to play crucial roles in grain quality traits were identified. These findings will expedite the fine mapping of these QTLs and QTL pyramiding, which will facilitate the genetic improvement of rice grain quality.
Journal Article