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"Lenik, Stephan"
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Material cultures of slavery and abolition in the British Caribbean
Material things mattered immensely to those who engaged in daily struggles over the character and future of slavery and to those who subsequently contested the meanings of freedom in the post-emancipation Caribbean. Throughout the history of slavery, objects and places were significant to different groups of people, from the opulent master class to enslaved field hands as well as to other groups, including maroons, free people of colour and missionaries, all of who shared the lived environments of Caribbean plantation colonies. By exploring the rich material world inhabited by these people, this book offers new ways of seeing history from below, of linking localised experiences with global transformations and connecting deeply personal lived realities with larger epochal events that defined the history of slavery and its abolition in the British Caribbean. This book was originally published as a special issue of Slavery & Abolition.
Book
Jesuit Mission Products and Object Biography: The St. Inigoes Manor Weaver’s House, St. Mary’s County, Maryland
Christian missionary groups in the Americas chose to reduce expenses by manufacturing mission products at their properties. Object-biography approaches offer a means of tracing mission-product mobility by reconstructing life histories. Archaeological investigation of a weaver’s house at the Jesuit St. Inigoes Manor in southern Maryland reveals a mission-product manufacturing site. An object-biography framework offers a means of understanding human-object relations at mission properties through the distinction between powerful “inscribed objects” vs. the everyday “lived objects” that predominate at this weaver’s house. An object itinerary of clothing portrays this site as one node among multiple points along the life histories of mission products. Finally, a critical approach to biographical writing would reassert the role of the enslaved and free women who transformed raw materials into cloth and clothing at Jesuit missions.
Journal Article
Missionaries, Artisans, and Transatlantic Exchange: Production and Distribution of Moravian Pottery in Pennsylvania and the Danish (U.S.) Virgin Islands
The international mission network created in the 18th century by the evangelical Protestant group known as the Unity of Brethren, or Moravians, sustained a consistent set of beliefs and daily practices across widely scattered communities. The spiritual unity among the dispersed but cohesive communities in the Moravian Atlantic missions was achieved through the circulated written accounts of each mission's activities. Material culture contributed to the communal approach adopted by the Moravians because the trades practiced in the North American and European communities funded mission work. This included potters who manufactured a slip-decorated, red earthenware, and the Moravian records document that these products were sent from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to the Danish Caribbean mission. The identification of fragments of this Moravian ware at six sites in the Virgin Islands demonstrates material aspects of this transatlantic community, as Moravian missionary ventures represented an intertwined web of religious belief and economics.
Journal Article
Archaeology and Geoinformatics
Provides
tremendous insight and an excellent grasp of the special
geoinformatics needs of Caribbean researchers
Addressing the use of geoinformatics in Caribbean archaeology,
this volume is based on case studies drawn from specific island
territories, namely, Barbados, St. John, Puerto Rico, Jamaica,
Nevis, St. Eustatius, and Trinidad and Tobago, as well as
inter-island interaction and landscape conceptualization in the
Caribbean region. Geoinformatics is especially critical within
the Caribbean where site destruction is intense due to storm
surges, hurricanes, ocean and riverine erosion, urbanization,
industrialization, and agriculture, as well as commercial
development along the very waterfronts that were home to many
prehistoric peoples. By demonstrating that the region is fertile
ground for the application of geoinformatics in archaeology, this
volume places a well-needed scholarly spotlight on the
Caribbean.
eBook
Considering Multiscalar Approaches to Creolization Among Enslaved Laborers at Estate Bethlehem, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands
Archaeological studies of plantations need to consider the scale of the historical circumstances which shape locally circumscribed Creole processes. These circumstances range from broad generalizations down to factors operating only at the local level of the individual estate. Recent excavations at Estate Lower Bethlehem, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, have recovered an artifact assemblage from a laborer village dating from the mid-eighteenth century to the first quarter of the nineteenth century, which was situated adjacent to a previously unrecorded cemetery and a large tamarind tree. This assemblage illustrates the importance of a multiscalar approach to Creolization in two ways: an analysis of the distribution of vessel forms of European pottery and \"Afro-Cruzan\" earthenwares; and the identification of fragments of lead-glazed slip-decorated redware pottery produced by Moravians.
Journal Article
Rethinking Puerto Rican Precolonial History
Rodriguez Ramos's book joins a growing body of scholarship which is engaged in a critical reappraisal of the Rousian framework, including a number of other books which are also part of the Caribbean Archaeology and Ethnohistory Series at the University of Alabama Press. [...]it was during Rouse's early work in Puerto Rico that he made important strides toward developing his model which would be extended across the Caribbean islands and into northeastern South America. [...]chapter 8 summarises the book's main arguments and emphasises how the lithics illustrate the plurality of Puerto Rico's precolonial past.
Journal Article
French Colonial Archaeology in the Southeast and Caribbean
The volume's twelve chapters offer a series of archaeological case studies which complement the tradition of research in the northern Mississippi River area, the Great Lakes and Canada, which has dominated archaeological literature on the French New World presence. [...]John de Bry's commentary provides concluding remarks about each chapter. [...]despite this apparent lack of Caribbean case studies, many of the themes and approaches referenced in the studies of North American sites apply to the Caribbean, even though the authors may not state this possibility. [...]discussions of colonoware and French faïence ceramics, theories of creolisation, and cuisine apply to the Caribbean, where there are traditions of low-fired earthenware pottery, historic and contemporary investigations of creolisation theory, and foodways derived from French traditions. Additional contributions from the French Caribbean would be welcome, but the low frequency of such case studies indicates a need to include English-language accounts of works by French-speaking colleagues, as the chapter by Bain et al. demonstrates, because there is an active archaeological service in the overseas départements of France.
Journal Article
Variation in Venues of Slavery and Freedom: Interpreting the Late Eighteenth-Century Cultural Landscape of St. John, Danish West Indies Using an Archaeological GIS
An archaeological GIS is used to examine the late eighteenth-century cultural landscape of St. John, US Virgin Islands. Land use patterns are reconstructed using a combination of historic maps, tax records, and survey reconnaissance. The study demonstrates significant, heretofore undocumented, transitions taking place that reflect dynamic cultural and economic change within Danish West Indian plantation society that includes a significant trend towards land ownership by free-colored St. Johnians more than a half a century before emancipation. These venues of freedom are discussed in relation to broader patterns of estate consolidation and economic shifts.
Journal Article
Frontier Landscapes, Missions, and Power: A French Jesuit Plantation and Church at Grand Bay, Dominica (1747–1763)
This dissertation approaches ideal and material issues of landscape in island frontiers through a case study of the plantation and church at Grand Bay, Dominica, which were owned by the French Society of Jesus from 1747 to 1763. Before Dominica became a formal British colony in 1763, Caribs, French settlers, free and enslaved Africans, and people of mixed ancestry inhabited this island frontier. The frontier is defined as a transformative, dynamic contact zone where there were daily interactions among people of varied backgrounds. Moreover, settlement of Dominica is limited to a band of coastal enclaves because of the island’s mountainous topography and thick vegetation. The landscape is approached as the materiality of an ongoing interaction between Jesuit ideology and the specific and historically situated variables or “boundary processes” in this enclave, which then shaped social and economic relations in the frontier. Excavations reveal the spatial layout of the church, factory, and residence and sampled subsurface layers dating to the Jesuit period. The spatial data reveal that the mission site prioritized visibility of the cross and church and created a network of free and enslaved settlers in the Grand Bay enclave. Exchange networks are shown by fragments of hand-made pots, industrially produced wares, and imported European manufactured goods. By focusing on the frontier context this study improves understandings of space within Caribbean frontiers and explores interconnections with colonies and the metropole. This study departs from historical accounts which situate Grand Bay in the context of how this site contributed to the dissolution of the French Society of Jesus, and broadens the approach to missions, as Grand Bay functioned as a multicrop plantation using enslaved African labor and a parish church in a neutral island.
Dissertation