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State authenticity is the sense that one is currently in alignment with one's true or real self. We discuss state authenticity as seen by independent raters, describe its phenomenology, outline its triggers, consider its well-being and behavioral implications, and sketch out a cross-disciplinary research agenda.

Based on undergraduates' self-reports of mate preferences for various traits and self-perceptions of their own levels on those traits, Buston and Emlen [Buston PM, Emlen ST (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8805-8810] concluded that modern human mate choices do not reflect predictions of tradeoffs from evolutionary theory but instead follow a \"likes-attract\" pattern, where people choose mates who match their self-perceptions. However, reported preferences need not correspond to actual mate choices, which are more relevant from an evolutionary perspective. In a study of 46 adults participating in a speed-dating event, we were largely able to replicate Buston and Emlen's self-report results in a pre-event questionnaire, but we found that the stated preferences did not predict actual choices made during the speed-dates. Instead, men chose women based on their physical attractiveness, whereas women, who were generally much more discriminating than men, chose men whose overall desirability as a mate matched the women's self-perceived physical attractiveness. Unlike the cognitive processes that Buston and Emlen inferred from self-reports, this pattern of results from actual mate choices is very much in line with the evolutionary predictions of parental investment theory.

To contribute to researchers' understanding of how humans choose mates, we examined how the number of mate options influenced the dating decisions made by 1,868 women and 1,870 men across 84 speed-dating events. Multilevel modeling of these decisions revealed that when faced with abundant choice, choosers paid less attention to characteristics requiring more time to elicit and evaluate (e.g., occupational status and educational attainment) and more attention to characteristics that are quickly and easily assessed (e.g., height and weight). Human mate choice sits squarely within the domain of general cognition, as this study shows it to be constrained by bounds on cognitive resources.

Researchers know very little about how people choose mates. To remedy this, the present study examined the influence of number of potential mates and mate-standard strength on single women’s choice satisfaction and strategy use. Single women chose one potential partner from a set of 4, 24, or 64 options presented on a real dating website. Participants adjusted to an increasing number of options by changing their decision-making strategies, such that they relied on noncompensatory, attribute-based strategies as the number of options increased. Across conditions they reported similar levels of satisfaction with the choice process and the person selected. Mate-standard strength qualified some of the results, however, as women with higher mate standards preferred extensive choice, and they tended to prefer compensatory choice strategies and were more satisfied with the option selected when he was selected from among many.

Researchers know very little about extit{how} people choose mates. To remedy this, the present study examined the influence of number of potential mates and mate-standard strength on single women's choice satisfaction and strategy use. Single women chose one potential partner from a set of 4, 24, or 64 options presented on a real dating website. Participants adjusted to an increasing number of options by changing their decision-making strategies, such that they relied on noncompensatory, attribute-based strategies as the number of options increased. Across conditions they reported similar levels of satisfaction with the choice process and the person selected. Mate-standard strength qualified some of the results, however, as women with higher mate standards preferred extensive choice, and they tended to prefer compensatory choice strategies and were more satisfied with the option selected when he was selected from among many.

Are all lives valued equally? To answer this question, I adopted a metric new to social psychologists: dollars for lives. This unit of measurement has tremendous implications, as it may enable us to understand the social category disparities observed in domains in which tradeoffs between lives and money are made. Two studies investigated the influence of social categories on estimates of monetary value of life (MVoL) in the healthcare domain. In the first study, which utilized value of statistical life (VSL) methodology, participants were asked to estimate how much money the government should pay to save persons affected by a deadly disease. The victims were described as being African American or European American, between the ages of 20 and 35 or 65 and 80, and responsible for their illness (i.e., unhealthy lifestyle) or not responsible for their illness (genetic-based), with the categories fully crossed and manipulated between-subjects. This study revealed that participants valued the lives of “blameworthy” less than “blameless” victims, especially when they were members of their own (White) ethnic group. The second study examined the effects of social categories on MVoL by asking participants to make healthcare funding decisions for individual patients. Race, age, level of responsibility, and gender were manipulated within-subjects, thus making the intergroup context salient. Both age and level of responsibility consistently impacted participants' decisions such that they valued the lives of the young more than old and the lives of the “blameless” more than “blameworthy.” Interactions between level of responsibility and each age, race, and gender on some of the MVoL measures revealed that positive (i.e., not responsible) ingroup members were over-valued and/or negative (i.e., responsible) ingroup members were under-valued (relative to equivalent outgroup members). Those who rely upon VSL and healthcare workers ought to be aware that their decisions are potentially biased. This may be acceptable as long as it is agreed upon that a category (e.g., age) is used in the decisions. To the extent that there is no such agreement, unintended discrimination may be the result. The consequences of this are by no means trivial, as lives are at stake.

Men, more than women, impute sexual intent to the friendly behavior of others. One untested explanation is that men and women have different sexual schemas, such that men may have lower thresholds for labeling seduction. The present study examined this theory. Subjects viewed a list which included neutral, emotional, sexually ambiguous, and sexually blatant words. Subjects then saw word pairs and indicated which had been presented previously. Males were expected to recognize sexually connotative words faster/more accurately. Women were more accurate in recognizing sexually ambiguous words, while men were more accurate in recognizing sexually blatant words. Subjects read and responded to scenarios depicting an ambiguously seductive man interacting with either a friendly woman or a flirtatious woman. Males were expected to rate the content of both as more seductive. Men and women rated the scenarios similarly. No relationship was found between \"schema type\" and the ratings. What underlies misperceptions of sexual intent remains unclear.

Several measures have been implemented to reduce the spread of the COVID-19, with mask-wearing among the most widely used measures. Yet, the barriers to mask-wearing are unclear. This study examined whether different types of anxiety symptom clusters (i.e., symptoms of claustrophobia, physical anxiety sensitivity, and social anxiety sensitivity) are associated with mask-wearing tendencies during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigated how anxiety symptom clusters relate to mask-wearing discomfort and self-isolation distress. A total of 556 Canadian adults were recruited online between January and February of 2021. The study was administered online via Qualtrics. Participants completed questionnaires measuring symptoms of claustrophobia, anxiety sensitivity, and isolation distress, along with a measure of mask-wearing behaviours. Linear regression analyses revealed that elevated anxiety symptoms across all symptom clusters predicted more physical and emotional discomfort related to mask-wearing, as well as reduced likelihood of leaving the home due to mask-related discomfort. Leaving home less often due to mask-related discomfort was significantly associated with more self-isolation distress and poorer coping overall. Differential patterns of mask-wearing behaviours across anxiety symptom clusters were not detected. These findings suggest that anxiety symptoms (i.e., including claustrophobia, physical anxiety sensitivity, and social anxiety sensitivity) are positively associated with mask-related distress. This, in turn, may lead people to avoid leaving their home and consequently experience increased self-isolation distress. Furthermore, these findings suggest that people with heightened anxiety symptoms tend to experience more discomfort with mask-wearing, which may perpetuate a cycle of avoidance and poorer coping overall. Plusieurs mesures ont été mises en œuvre pour réduire la propagation de la COVID-19, le port du masque étant l'une des mesures les plus utilisées. Pourtant, les obstacles au port du masque ne sont pas clairs. Cette étude a examiné si différents types de groupes de symptômes d'anxiété (c'est-à-dire les symptômes de claustrophobie, de sensibilité à l'anxiété physique et de sensibilité à l'anxiété sociale) étaient associés aux tendances de port du masque pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 et a étudié comment les groupes de symptômes d'anxiété sont liés à l'inconfort du port de masque et à la détresse liée à l'isolement. Un total de 556 adultes canadiens ont été recrutés en ligne entre janvier et février 2021. L'étude a été administrée en ligne via Qualtrics. Les participants ont rempli des questionnaires mesurant les symptômes de claustrophobie, la sensibilité à l'anxiété et la détresse liée à l'isolement, ainsi qu'une mesure des comportements liés au port du masque. Les analyses de régression linéaire ont révélé que des symptômes d'anxiété élevés dans tous les groupes de symptômes prédisaient un plus grand inconfort physique et émotionnel lié au port du masque, ainsi qu'une probabilité réduite de quitter le domicile en raison de l'inconfort lié au port du masque. Le fait de quitter le domicile moins souvent en raison d'un inconfort lié au port du masque était significativement associé à une plus grande détresse liée à l'isolement et à une moins bonne adaptation globale. Il n'a pas été possible de détecter des comportements différents en matière de port de masque selon les groupes de symptômes d'anxiété. Ces résultats indiquent que les symptômes d'anxiété (y compris la claustrophobie, la sensibilité à l'anxiété physique et la sensibilité à l'anxiété sociale) sont positivement associés à la détresse liée au port du masque. Cela peut conduire les personnes à éviter de quitter leur domicile et, par conséquent, à éprouver une détresse accrue liée à l'isolement. De plus, ces résultats suggèrent que les personnes présentant des symptômes d'anxiété élevés ont tendance à éprouver plus d'inconfort lié au port du masque, ce qui peut perpétuer un cycle d'évitement et une moins bonne adaptation globale. Public Significance Statement The findings suggest that anxiety symptoms may interfere with engagement in this important public health measure, informing policy-makers of at-risk groups in the population. Moreover, those who experience higher mask-related anxiety are more likely to stay at home, leading to increased self-isolation and isolation-related distress.

ObjectiveChildhood burns represent a burden on health services, yet the full extent of the problem is difficult to quantify. We estimated the annual UK incidence from primary care (PC), emergency attendances (EA), hospital admissions (HA) and deaths.MethodsThe population was children (0–15 years), across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (NI), with medically attended burns 2013–2015. Routinely collected data sources included PC attendances from Clinical Practice Research Datalink 2013–2015), EAs from Paediatric Emergency Research in the United Kingdom and Ireland (PERUKI, 2014) and National Health Services Wales Informatics Services, HAs from Hospital Episode Statistics, National Services Scotland and Social Services and Public Safety (2014), and mortality from the Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland and NI Statistics and Research Agency 2013–2015. The population denominators were based on Office for National Statistics mid-year population estimates.ResultsThe annual PC burns attendance was 16.1/10 000 persons at risk (95% CI 15.6 to 16.6); EAs were 35.1/10 000 persons at risk (95% CI 34.7 to 35.5) in England and 28.9 (95% CI 27.5 to 30.3) in Wales. HAs ranged from 6.0/10 000 person at risk (95% CI 5.9 to 6.2) in England to 3.1 in Wales and Scotland (95% CI 2.7 to 3.8 and 2.7 to 3.5, respectively) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.4 to 3.4) in NI. In England, Wales and Scotland, 75% of HAs were aged <5 years. Mortality was low with 0.1/1 000 000 persons at risk (95% CI 0.06 to 0.2).ConclusionsWith an estimated 19 574 PC attendances, 37 703 EAs (England and Wales only), 6639 HAs and 1–6 childhood deaths annually, there is an urgent need to improve UK childhood burns prevention.

The Antarctic climate system varies on timescales from orbital, through millennial to sub-annual, and is closely coupled to other parts of the global climate system. We review these variations from the perspective of the geological and glaciological records and the recent historical period from which we have instrumental data (∼the last 50 years). We consider their consequences for the biosphere, and show how the latest numerical models project changes into the future, taking into account human actions in the form of the release of greenhouse gases and chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere. In doing so, we provide an essential Southern Hemisphere companion to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.